Ukuthenga yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yenkampani, kwaye inkcitho yayo imalunga ne-60% yemveliso kunye nentengiso. Phantsi komkhwa wokuba iindleko zokuthenga izitovu zokulungisa zanamhlanje zinyuka kancinci kancinci njengoko umlinganiselo weendleko zizonke zenkampani unyuka, ishishini lijongene nokhuphiswano olukhulu lwemarike, kwaye umjikelo wemveliso yemveliso uya uncipha kancinci kancinci.
Ukwahlukahluka kweemfuno zemarike kunye nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwamanqanaba eteknoloji yemveliso kuyancitshiswa. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkampani ziyajika kancinci kancinci ukusuka kubunkokeli beteknoloji kunye nokuzimela kwemarike ziye ekuthengeni ukuze kuncitshiswe iindleko kwaye kwandiswe inzuzo, ngaloo ndlela zibanceda ukuba bafumane izibonelelo ezintsha.
Ungenza njani ukuba umsebenzi wecandelo lokuthenga ube negalelo eliphambili kuphuhliso lweshishini? Ungayenza njani ukuba isebenze ngcono kwimisebenzi yothungelwano lokubonelela ngeenkonzo? Konke oku kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yokuthenga yenkampani yokwenyani nesebenzayo!
Njengomlawuli wokuthenga, umgaqo wokuthenga izinto ezifunekayo okanye izixhobo kukuqinisekisa umgangatho othembekileyo, ukhuseleko oluqinileyo, ukuhanjiswa ngexesha, kunye nenkonzo esebenzayo, ngelixa kuncitshiswa iindleko zokuthenga. Le yimisebenzi ephambili yesebe lokuthenga ukugqiba umsebenzi onikwe yinkampani.
Inkqubo yokulawula iindleko zokuthengwa kweenkampani ibandakanya iinkalo ezine zolawulo, ezizezi: ucwangciso lweendleko, ulawulo lweendleko, uhlalutyo lweendleko, kunye nokubalwa kweendleko kunye novavanyo; inqanaba lokucwangcisa linokugxila ekumiseleni uxanduva lwesikhundla ngasinye ekuthengweni, kwaye emva koko kugxininiswe injongo yesikhundla. Inkqubo yoxanduva, uvavanyo lwezinga lokunciphisa iindleko kunye nezinye iindlela, ukwenza kakuhle kwezinye iinkalo zolawulo ezifana nolawulo lweendleko, ukubalwa kweendleko kunye nohlalutyo lweendleko kuya kufumana iziphumo ezicacileyo.
Umlawuli obalaseleyo wokuthenga kufuneka aqale kwiinkalo ezininzi kwinkqubo yokuthenga. Eyona nto iphambili kukudala imeko-bume yokuthenga ngokwemigaqo yokwakhiwa kwenkqubo kunye nokuphucula amandla okusebenza kweshishini lokuthenga ukusuka kwinqanaba lobugcisa, kwaye aqhubeke nokuphucula kwezi nkalo zimbini ziphambili, kunye nokwakhiwa kwenkqubo Ngokuphathelele ukuziphatha kokuthenga, ngobuchwephesha ukuphucula amandla oshishino apheleleyo esebe lokuthenga ukuze kufezekiswe iindleko zokuthenga eziphantsi kakhulu. Ulawulo lweendleko zokuthenga olunamacala amaninzi lomlawuli wokuthenga luqala kwiinkalo ezintlanu ezilandelayo ukunciphisa iindleko zokuthenga.
1. Nciphisa iindleko zokuthenga ngolawulo lokuthenga olucwangcisiweyo
Ulawulo lokuthengwa kwempahla olucwangcisiweyo kufuneka lulinganise ngokupheleleyo iingenelo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zeshishini, luthathe ukuthenga okuphumelela kubo bonke njengenjongo yalo, kwaye lugxile ekuphuhlisweni kobudlelwane bexesha elide nababoneleli. Luhlelo lolawulo lokuthengwa kwempahla oluziqhelanisa nophuhliso lwemeko entsha yezoqoqosho.
1. Ukuthenga akusiyongxaki yokuthengwa kwezinto eziluhlaza kuphela, kodwa kuquka nolawulo lomgangatho, ulawulo lwemveliso kunye nemiba yoyilo lwemveliso. Ukwaneliswa kweemfuno kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo ngabathengi kufuneka kufezekiswe ngokuthatha inxaxheba kweqela eliphambili lekhonkco ngalinye kwikhonkco lokubonelela ukuze kufezekiswe ukuguqulwa kweemfuno zabathengi zibe yimveliso yoyilo. Ukuphunyezwa kwezinto ezikhethwa ngabathengi kuyimfuneko yokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso. Ke ngoko, ukutshintsha ingcamango yesiqhelo yokuthengwa kwempahla kunceda ekuphunyezweni ngempumelelo kwesicwangciso.
2. Ingcinga esekelwe ekudibaneni kwezakhono eziphambili kunye nezinto ifuna indibaniselwano ephucukileyo yezinto phakathi kwababoneleli nabathengi. Misela ubudlelwane bentsebenziswano yesicwangciso sexesha elide endaweni yobudlelwane bentengiselwano. Ukuseka ubudlelwane obunjalo kufuna ukuhambelana kwesicwangciso phakathi kwamacala okubonelela kunye neemfuno. Uvavanyo kunye nolawulo lwababoneleli alusekho kwintengiselwano njengeyona nto iphambili, kodwa kufuneka kuqala kuqwalaselwe ukuba isicwangciso siyahambelana na. Yandisa ubunzima kwiinkalo zoburhwebi, inkcubeko yenkampani, isicwangciso senkampani kunye nezinto ezinokwenza.
3. Ukuthenga akuyonto ithengiswayo kuphela, kwaye kufuneka kwenziwe uhlalutyo lwemarike yokubonelela. Olu hlalutyo kufuneka lubandakanye kungekuphela nje amaxabiso emveliso, umgangatho, njl.njl., kodwa nohlalutyo lweshishini lemveliso, kwaye luze luqikelele imeko yezoqoqosho. Ukongeza, kufuneka senze isigqibo ngesicwangciso somthengisi, kuba ubuchule bolawulo lwesicwangciso somthengisi ngokuqinisekileyo buya kuchaphazela ukuthembeka kobudlelwane bokuthenga. Zonke ezi ngxaki ziyinxalenye yoluhlu lohlalutyo lwesicwangciso. Ludlula isakhelo sohlalutyo lwesiqhelo sokuthenga (ixabiso, umgangatho, njl.njl.).
2. Nciphisa iindleko zokuthenga ngokumisela umgangatho othile
Ukumisela umgangatho yeyona mfuneko isisiseko yolawulo lwamashishini anamhlanje. Sisiqinisekiso esisisiseko sokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kweshishini. Sikhuthaza ukulungelelanisa, ukumisela umgangatho, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nemisebenzi yeshishini kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yolawulo. Siyimfuneko esisiseko yokulawula iindleko ngempumelelo. Kwinkqubo yokulawula iindleko, le misebenzi mine ilandelayo yokumisela umgangatho ibaluleke kakhulu.
1. Ukulinganisa ukuthengwa kwempahla. Kubhekisa ekusebenziseni iindlela zesayensi kunye neendlela zokulinganisa amaxabiso obungakanani kunye nomgangatho kwimisebenzi yokuthenga, kunye nokubonelela ngedatha echanekileyo kwimisebenzi yokuthenga, ingakumbi ulawulo lweendleko zokuthenga. Ukuba akukho mgangatho wokulinganisa odibeneyo, idatha esisiseko ayichanekanga, kwaye idatha ayimiselwanga mgangatho, kuya kuba nzima ukufumana ulwazi oluchanekileyo lweendleko zokuthenga, ingasathethwa ke ngokuyilawula.
2. Ixabiso lokuthenga lisemgangathweni. Kwinkqubo yokulawula iindleko zokuthenga, kufuneka kumiselwe amaxabiso amabini asemgangathweni othelekiso. Elinye lixabiso lokuthenga eliqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi, ixabiso lemarike okanye ixabiso lembali lemarike yezinto eziluhlaza, elenziwa ngokulinganisa imarike phakathi kweyunithi nganye yokubala kunye neshishini; elesibini lixabiso lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokuthengwa kwangaphakathi, elikwishishini. Inkqubo yoyilo ibala ixabiso elilinganisiweyo lezinto eziluhlaza ngokudibanisa iimfuno zenzuzo yenkampani kunye namaxabiso okuthengisa. Imigangatho yokuthenga kunye namaxabiso ohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokuthenga zezona mfuno zisisiseko zokusebenza kokulawula iindleko zokuthenga.
3. Umgangatho wezinto ezithengiweyo ulungelelaniswe. Umgangatho ngumphefumlo wemveliso. Ngaphandle komgangatho, nokuba ixabiso liphantsi kangakanani na, kuyinkcitho. Ukuthenga ulawulo lweendleko kukulawula iindleko phantsi komgangatho ofanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwamaxwebhu asemgangathweni wezinto ezithengiweyo, akunakwenzeka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemisebenzi yokuthenga ngokufanelekileyo, ingasathethwa ke ngeendleko zokuthenga eziphezulu neziphantsi.
4. Ukumisela idatha yeendleko zokuthenga. Phuhlisa inkqubo yokuqokelelwa kwedatha yeendleko zokuthenga, ucacise uxanduva lomthumeli wedatha yeendleko kunye nomnini-akhawunti, uqinisekise ukuba idatha yeendleko ingeniswa ngexesha, ingeniswe kwiakhawunti ngexesha, idatha kulula ukuyidlulisela, kwaye ukwabelana ngolwazi kuyafezekiswa; misela indlela yokubala iindleko zokuthenga kwaye ucacise ukubalwa kweendleko zokuthenga Indlela: Yenza ifomathi yetshathi yokubala iindleko ezidibeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zokubala iindleko zokuthenga zichanekile.
Okwesithathu, ukunciphisa iindleko zokuthenga kwinqanaba lenkqubo yokuthenga
1. Ukuphucula ulawulo olusisiseko lokuthengwa kwempahla, kubandakanya ukuhlelwa kunye nokuhlelwa kwezinto ezithengiweyo kunye nokusekwa kwedathabheyisi; ukumiselwa kwemigangatho yovavanyo lwababoneleli abafanelekileyo, ukwahlulwa kwamanqanaba ababoneleli kunye nokusekwa kwedathabheyisi; ukuqinisekiswa kobungakanani obuncinci bebhetshi, umjikelo wokuthengwa kwempahla, kunye nobungakanani obuqhelekileyo bokupakisha izinto ezahlukeneyo; Iisampulu kunye nedatha yobugcisa yezinto ezahlukeneyo ezithengiweyo.
2. Kufuneka kusekwe inkqubo yokubhida yokuthenga ngobuninzi. Inkampani ngokucacileyo iqulunqa inkqubo kwaye imisela inkqubo yokubhida ngokwemigangatho, ukuze ukubhida kunye nokuthenga kunciphise iindleko zokuthenga, ingakumbi ukuphepha imeko. Ukubhida kugqityiwe, kwaye iindleko ziya kwanda.
3. Inkqubo yokubhalisa ulwazi lokuthenga kunye nereferensi iyasebenza xa kuthengwa izinto ezithengwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ulwazi malunga namagama eemveliso ezithengiweyo, ubungakanani, iimpawu zorhwebo, amaxabiso, amagama omenzi, iindawo zokuthenga, iinombolo zefowuni zonxibelelwano kunye nolunye ulwazi kufuneka lubhaliswe kwicandelo lokuhlola lenkampani ukuze lusetyenziswe. Inkampani ingathumela umntu njengomntu wesithathu nangaliphi na ixesha. Yenza uhlolo oluchanekileyo.
4. Inkqubo yokuthenga isebenza ngendlela elawulwayo kwaye ithintelana macala omabini. Isebe lokuthenga linoxanduva lokukhetha ababoneleli, amasebe omgangatho kunye netekhnoloji avavanya amandla okubonelela umboneleli, kwaye iziqinisekiso ziyamiselwa. Isebe lezemali linoxanduva lokujonga nokulawula amaxabiso, kwaye intlawulo yenziwa ngokuVunywa ziinkokeli eziphambili zenkampani.
5. Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kweendlela zokuthenga ngokuhlanganisa abasebenzi bokuthenga, ukucacisa izixhobo zokuthenga ezijongene nomsebenzi ngamnye wokuthenga, kwaye uhlobo olufanayo lwezixhobo kufuneka luthengwe ngumntu omnye kwaye ngejelo elifanayo, ngaphandle kokuba luguqulelo olucwangcisiweyo lomthengisi.
6. Yenza isivumelwano sokuthenga sibe semgangathweni. Isivumelwano sokuthenga sicacisa ngokucacileyo ukuba umthengisi akasayi kunyoba abasebenzi benkampani ngendlela yokukhuphisana ngokungafanelekanga ngokuthengiswa kweemveliso zayo, kungenjalo intlawulo iya kutsalwa ngokulinganayo; isivumelwano siya kuchaza nesivumelwano sesaphulelo sokuthenga.
7. Inkqubo yophando lokuthenga, misela inkqubo yophando lokuthenga, cacisa ukuba ngubani ofanelekileyo kwaye ngubani onokugqiba imisebenzi yokubonelela kwisicwangciso sokuthenga izinto eziluhlaza ngexabiso eliphantsi kubathengisi abanokubakho, kwaye umisele ububanzi bababoneleli. Igama lobuchwephesha lale nkqubo likwabizwa ngokuba yi-Supplier qualification confirmation. Ukuze wenze umsebenzi olungileyo kulawulo lophando lokuthenga, ngoku kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yolawulo lwekhompyutha kwaye usebenzise inethiwekhi ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza nokufumana ulwazi olufunekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo lophando lokuthenga kunye nokufumana iziphumo zophando.
8. Misela ubudlelwane obuzinzileyo bentsebenziswano nabathengisi, ababoneleli abazinzileyo banamandla okubonelela ngeenkonzo, ukungafihlisi amaxabiso, intsebenziswano yexesha elide, banamalungiselelo athile aphambili okubonelela ngeenkonzo zenkampani, kwaye banokuqinisekisa umgangatho, ubungakanani kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezinto zabo Ixesha, ixabiso, njl. Ulawulo lokuthenga kufuneka lubandakanye ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuphuculeni inzuzo yokukhuphisana kwekhonkco lokubonelela ngeenkonzo lilonke, luseke ubudlelwane bentsebenziswano bexesha elide nobuzinzileyo nabathengisi ababalaseleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, lukhuthaze ukuphuculwa kweemveliso kunye netekhnoloji ezibonelelwayo, luxhase uphuhliso lwababoneleli, kwaye lutyikitye izivumelwano zobuchule nabo xa kuyimfuneko Isivumelwano seNtsebenziswano njalo njalo.
4. Iindlela kunye neendlela zokunciphisa iindleko zokuthenga kwinqanaba lokuthenga
1. Nciphisa iindleko zokuthenga ngokukhetha imiqathango yokuhlawula. Ukuba inkampani inemali eyaneleyo, okanye ukuba izinga lenzala lebhanki liphantsi, ingasebenzisa indlela yokufumana imali, enokubangela isaphulelo esikhulu sexabiso, kodwa iya kuba nefuthe elithile ekusebenzeni kwemali yokusebenza yenkampani iphela.
2. Qonda ixesha lokutshintsha kwamaxabiso. Amaxabiso adla ngokutshintsha ngokwexesha lonyaka kunye nokubonelela ngempahla kunye nemfuno yemarike. Ke ngoko, abathengi kufuneka baqwalasele umthetho wokutshintsha kwamaxabiso kwaye baqonde ixesha lokuthenga.
3. Gcina ababoneleli ngokusebenzisa ukubhida okukhuphisanayo. Xa kuthengwa izinto ezininzi, indlela esebenzayo kukusebenzisa ukubhida okukhuphisanayo, okuhlala kuphumela kwixabiso eliphantsi ngokuthelekisa amaxabiso phakathi kwababoneleli. Ngokukhetha nokuthelekisa ababoneleli abahlukeneyo ukuze babambe omnye nomnye, ukuze inkampani ibe kwindawo efanelekileyo kwingxoxo.
4. Ukuthengwa ngqo kumvelisi. Uku-odola ngqo kumvelisi kunokunciphisa amakhonkco aphakathi kunye neendleko zokuthengwa eziphantsi. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkonzo zobugcisa zomvelisi kunye nenkonzo yasemva kokuthengisa ziya kuba ngcono.
5. Khetha ababoneleli abathembekileyo kwaye utyikitye izivumelwano zexesha elide nabo. Ukusebenzisana nababoneleli abathembekileyo nabathembekileyo akunakuqinisekisa kuphela umgangatho wobonelelo kunye nokuhanjiswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kodwa kunokufumana intlawulo ekhethekileyo kunye nexabiso.
6. Yenza uphando olupheleleyo kunye nokuqokelelwa kolwazi kwimarike yokuthenga, uphuhlise izixhobo zabathengisi, kwaye wandise uthotho lokubonelela lwenkampani ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukuze kufezekiswe inqanaba elithile lolawulo lokuthenga kwishishini, kufuneka linikele ingqalelo epheleleyo kuphando lwemarike yokuthenga kunye nokuqokelelwa kunye nokuhlelwa kolwazi. Kungale ndlela kuphela esinokuqonda ngokupheleleyo iimeko zemarike kunye neendlela zamaxabiso, size sizibeke kwindawo efanelekileyo.
Okwesihlanu, ukunciphisa urhwaphilizo lokuthengwa kwempahla kuchaphazela ukuncitshiswa kweendleko zokuthengwa kwempahla kwiinkampani
Abanye abaphathi beenkampani bathi ngokunyanisekileyo: “Ukuthenga urhwaphilizo akunakwenzeka ukukuthintela, kwaye iinkampani ezininzi azikwazi ukudlula kulo mqobo.” Le yinyani yokuba abasebenzi bokuthenga bafumana i-yuan enye kubaboneleli, nto leyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo eya kubiza i-yuan ezilishumi kwiindleko zokuthenga. Ukuze sifumane izisombululo kolu hlobo lwengxaki, kufuneka sithathe amanyathelo kwezi zinto zilandelayo: ukwakhiwa koxanduva lomsebenzi, ukukhethwa nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, uqeqesho lokuthenga, ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokuvavanya ukusebenza kwabasebenzi, njalo njalo.
Ukuthenga izakhiwo zeposi kufuna ukuseta izithuba ezahlukeneyo zekhonkco lokuthenga, ukuze kusonjululwe ingxaki yokungagxininisi kakhulu amandla okuthenga, ukuzibamba, ukujonga nokuxhasana, kwaye kwangaxeshanye kungachaphazeli umdla wabasebenzi kwizithuba zonke.
Ukukhethwa kwabasebenzi, iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha kwisikhundla ngasinye sabasebenzi abaphethe ukuthengwa kwempahla kufuneka zibe nezi mpawu zilandelayo zibanzi: inqanaba elithile lezakhono zobungcali nezonxibelelwano, ulwazi olusemthethweni, ucoceko, njl.njl., kwaye bazame ukuthintela izalamane zabaphathi bamasebe okuthengwa kwempahla ukuba zingabandakanyeki kwishishini lokuthengwa kwempahla.
Ubuchule bobuchwephesha abubandakanyi nje kuphela ukuqonda okuthile kweempawu zezinto eziluhlaza ezinoxanduva, kodwa kunye nombono ocacileyo wenkqubo yolawulo lwezinto eziluhlaza; umgangatho ococekileyo ubaluleke kakhulu kubasebenzi abathengayo abadla ngokujongana nemali, nangona ulawulo lwangaphakathi luthathe amanyathelo ahlukeneyo kwikhonkco ngalinye, kodwa kubasebenzi abathengayo abaphambili, kusenzima ukudibana nezilingo ezahlukeneyo ezibonelelwa ngababoneleli ngenkani. Indlela yokuthintela ukubeka imigibe emva kwesi silingo ifuna abasebenzi abathengayo ngokwabo babe nentembeko nokuthembeka. Ulwazi lomthetho njalo njalo.
Misela uqeqesho olupheleleyo lomsebenzi wesebe lokuthenga, cacisa ukuba iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yokuthenga kufuneka zicace, zicace, kwaye zilawule kwaye zithintele omnye komnye; landela ngokungqongqo imigaqo yokusebenza "yokucwangcisa kwangaphambili, ulawulo oluqinileyo ngexesha lomsitho, kunye nohlalutyo olucokisekileyo kunye nesishwankathelo emva koko" ukuqinisekisa ukuba Ukuthenga nokubonelela ngezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu nezingabizi kakhulu ezihlangabezana neemfuno;
Ukuphumeza ulawulo lokuthengwa kwempahla “lwabasebenzi abapheleleyo, inkqubo epheleleyo, olupheleleyo”, kunye nokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ubuqhetseba babucala, ukwamkelwa, izaphulelo, kunye nokuziphatha okungafanelekanga, okungekho mthethweni, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho okonakalisa umdla wenkampani kwinkqubo yokuthengwa nokunikezelwa kwempahla, kunye nemali yezipho yomthengisi kunye nesipho esingenakuliwa, kufuneka idluliselwe kwinkampani ngoko nangoko ukuze ifayilishwe; qeqesha abathengi ukuba bathande imisebenzi yabo, benze imisebenzi yabo, bathembeke kwinkampani, babe noxanduva lwenkampani, bagcine umdla wenkampani, bagcine iimfihlo zenkampani, kwaye bakhusele amalungelo obunini bobukrelekrele.
Ukuthenga uvavanyo lokusebenza kunye nokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokwabiwa kwemivuzo Kubaluleke kakhulu kwisebe ngalinye lezithuba kunye nelokuthenga ukuba livavanye ukusebenza kwesithuba ngasinye sokuthenga. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazisa nokuyila iindlela zolawulo lwesayensi, oko kukuthi, imigangatho yovavanyo lokusebenza, enokuqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukuqhubeka kwazo zonke iikhonkco zolawulo lokuthenga. Ukuphucula, ukunika uqinisekiso kunye nokukhuthaza umsebenzi osebenzayo, kunye nokufezekisa ngokuchanekileyo imeko yokusebenza apho ukusebenza kukhuthaza ukunciphisa iindleko.
Njengomlawuli wokuthenga, azisebenzi nje kuphela ezi nkalo zintlanu zingasentla zolawulo lokuthenga, kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi, misela umfanekiso omhle wabantu kunye namasebe kwinkqubo yokuthenga, uthembeke kwinkampani, uphathe abantu ngokunyaniseka, kwaye ube ngqongqo kubantu abaphantsi kwakho, nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo eya kugcina iindleko zokuthenga. Ukuphucula kufanelekile kukhuphiswano lwemarike lwamashishini.
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