Kugura ni kimwe mu bikorwa by'ingenzi mu bikorwa by'ikigo, kandi amafaranga akoreshwa agize hafi 60% by'umusaruro n'ibicuruzwa. Kubera ko ikiguzi cyo kugura amashyiga agezweho yo gutunganya ibikoresho kigenda cyiyongera buhoro buhoro uko igipimo cy'ikiguzi cyose cy'ikigo kigenda gihinduka, ikigo kirimo guhangana cyane ku isoko, kandi uruziga rw'umusaruro rugenda rugabanuka buhoro buhoro.
Gutandukana kw'ibikenewe ku isoko no gukomeza kunoza urwego rw'ikoranabuhanga mu bicuruzwa biragabanuka. Muri icyo gihe, amasosiyete agenda ava ku buyobozi bw'ikoranabuhanga no kwiharira isoko akajya mu kugura kugira ngo agabanye ibiciro kandi yongere inyungu, bityo bibafasha kubona inyungu nshya.
Ni gute akazi k'ishami rishinzwe kugura kagira uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'ikigo? Ni gute kagira uruhare runini mu mikorere y'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa? Ibi byose biterwa n'ibikorwa nyabyo kandi binoze byo gutanga amasoko by'ikigo!
Nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe kugura, ihame ryo kugura ibikoresho cyangwa ibikoresho fatizo bikenewe ni ugushyiraho ubuziranenge bwizewe, umutekano ukomeye, gutanga serivisi ku gihe, no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kugura. Izi ni zo nshingano z'ingenzi z'ishami rishinzwe kugura kugira ngo risohoze inshingano ryahawe n'isosiyete.
Uburyo bwo gucunga ikiguzi cy’amasoko y’ibigo bukubiyemo ibintu bine by’imicungire, ari byo gutegura ikiguzi, kugenzura ikiguzi, gusesengura ikiguzi, no kubara no gusuzuma ikiguzi; icyiciro cyo gutegura gishobora kwibanda ku kugena inshingano za buri mwanya mu gutanga amasoko, hanyuma hagashimangirwa intego y’umwanya Sisitemu y’inshingano, isuzuma ry’igipimo cyo kugabanya ikiguzi n’ubundi buryo, kugira ngo umuntu akore neza mu bindi bice by’imicungire nko kugenzura ikiguzi, kubara ikiguzi no gusesengura ikiguzi bizatanga umusaruro ugaragara.
Umuyobozi w’amasoko mwiza agomba gutangirira ku bintu byinshi mu itangwa ry’amasoko. Ingingo y’ingenzi ni ugushyiraho imiterere y’amasoko mu bijyanye no kubaka sisitemu no kunoza ubushobozi bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ubucuruzi bw’amasoko kuva ku rwego rwa tekiniki, no gukomeza kunoza ibi bintu bibiri by’ingenzi, no kubaka sisitemu. Ku bijyanye n’imyitwarire y’amasoko, kunoza tekiniki ubushobozi bw’ubucuruzi bw’ishami rishinzwe amasoko kugira ngo hagerwe ku giciro gito cyane cy’amasoko. Igenzura ry’ibiciro byo kugura ry’umuyobozi ushinzwe kugura rishingiye ku byiciro byinshi rihera ahanini ku bintu bitanu bikurikira kugira ngo kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kugura.
1. Kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gutanga amasoko binyuze mu gucunga amasoko mu buryo bw'ingamba
Imicungire y’amasoko mu buryo bw’ingamba igomba kuringaniza neza inyungu z’imbere mu kigo n’iz’inyuma, gufata intego yo gutanga amasoko nk’inyungu rusange, no kwibanda ku iterambere ry’ubufatanye bw’igihe kirekire n’abatanga amasoko. Ni uburyo bwo gucunga amasoko bujyanye n’iterambere ry’ubukungu bushya.
1. Kugura si ikibazo cyo kugura ibikoresho fatizo gusa, ahubwo harimo no gucunga ubuziranenge, gucunga umusaruro no gushushanya ibicuruzwa. Kunyurwa kw'ibyo abakiriya bakeneye n'ibyo bakunda bigomba kugerwaho binyuze mu ruhare rw'ingenzi rwa buri gice cy'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa kugira ngo ibyo abakiriya bakeneye bihindurwe mu gushushanya ibicuruzwa. Kumenya ibyo abakiriya bakunda ni ngombwa kugira ngo ingamba zishyirwe mu bikorwa. Kubwibyo, guhindura igitekerezo gakondo cyo kugura ibintu bituma ingamba zishyirwa mu bikorwa neza.
2. Igitekerezo gishingiye ku guhuza ubushobozi bw'ibanze n'ibintu bisaba guhuza neza ibintu hagati y'abatanga ibicuruzwa n'abakiriya. Gushyiraho ubufatanye bw'igihe kirekire mu by'ingamba aho gushyiraho umubano w'ibikorwa. Kugira ngo habeho umubano nk'uwo bisaba guhuza ingamba hagati y'ibitangwa n'ibikenewe. Isuzuma n'imicungire y'abatanga ibicuruzwa ntibigishingiye ku gikorwa nk'ikintu cya mbere cy'ingenzi, ahubwo bigomba kubanza gusuzuma niba ingamba zihuye. Kongera uburemere mu bijyanye no kwihangira imirimo, umuco w'ikigo, ingamba z'ikigo n'ubushobozi.
3. Guhaha si ahantu hamwe, kandi isesengura ry'isoko ry'ibicuruzwa rigomba gukorwa. Iri sesengura ntirigomba kuba rikubiyemo ibiciro by'ibicuruzwa, ubwiza, nibindi gusa, ahubwo rigomba no gusesengura inganda z'ibicuruzwa, ndetse no guhanura uko ubukungu buhagaze. Byongeye kandi, tugomba gufata icyemezo ku ngamba z'umutanga, kuko ubushobozi bw'umutanga mu gucunga ingamba nta gushidikanya ko amaherezo bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kwizerwa bw'imibanire y'amasoko. Ibi bibazo byose biri mu cyiciro cy'isesengura ry'ingamba. Birenze urwego rusanzwe rw'isesengura ry'amasoko (igiciro, ubwiza, nibindi).
2. Kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kugura ibintu binyuze mu gushyiraho uburyo busanzwe
Gushyira mu bikorwa amahame ngenderwaho ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi gisabwa mu micungire y’ibigo bigezweho. Ni yo ngwate y’ibanze ku mikorere isanzwe y’ikigo. Biteza imbere gushyira mu bikorwa, gushyira mu bikorwa amahame ngenderwaho, no kunoza ibikorwa by’ikigo mu mikorere n’imirimo yacyo ndetse n’imirimo itandukanye yo gucunga. Ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi gisabwa kugira ngo igenzura ry’ibiciro rigende neza. Mu igenzura ry’ibiciro, imirimo ine ikurikira yo gushyira mu bikorwa amahame ngenderwaho ni ingenzi cyane.
1. Gupima ibiciro by’amasoko. Bivuga ikoreshwa ry’uburyo bwa siyansi n’uburyo bwo gupima agaciro k’imibare n’iy’ubuziranenge mu bikorwa by’amasoko, no gutanga amakuru nyayo ku bikorwa by’amasoko, cyane cyane kugenzura ikiguzi cy’amasoko. Iyo nta gipimo ngenderwaho cy’ibipimo gihuriweho, amakuru y’ibanze ntabwo ari yo, kandi amakuru adahuye n’amahame, ntibizashoboka kubona amakuru nyayo y’ikiguzi cy’amasoko, tutibagiwe no kuyagenzura.
2. Igiciro cyo kugura gisanzwe. Mu gihe cyo kugenzura ikiguzi cyo kugura, hagomba gushyirwaho ibiciro bibiri bisanzwe byo kugereranya. Kimwe ni igiciro gisanzwe cyo kugura, ni ukuvuga igiciro cy’isoko cyangwa igiciro cy’amateka cy’isoko ry’ibikoresho fatizo, bikorwa hifashishijwe ikigereranyo cy’isoko hagati ya buri gice cy’ibaruramari n’ikigo; icya kabiri ni igiciro cy’ingengo y’imari y’amasoko y’imbere, kiri mu kigo. Uburyo bwo gushushanya bubara igiciro cy’ibikoresho fatizo binyuze mu guhuza ibisabwa mu nyungu z’ikigo n’ibiciro byo kugurisha. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kugura n’ibiciro by’ingengo y’imari yo kugura ni byo bisabwa by’ibanze mu mikorere yo kugenzura ikiguzi cyo kugura.
3. Guhuza ubwiza bw'ibikoresho byaguzwe. Ubwiza ni roho y'igicuruzwa. Nta bwiza, uko igiciro cyaba kiri hasi kose, ni ugupfusha ubusa. Kugura ikiguzi ni ukugenzura ikiguzi hakurikijwe ubwiza bwemewe. Nta nyandiko z'ubwiza bw'ibikoresho fatizo byaguzwe, ntibishoboka kuzuza neza ibisabwa mu mirimo yo gutanga amasoko, cyane cyane ikiguzi cyo gutanga amasoko kiri hejuru n'icya hasi.
4. Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukusanya amakuru y’ikiguzi cyo kugura. Gutegura inzira yo gukusanya amakuru y’ikiguzi cyo kugura, gusobanura inshingano z’utanga amakuru y’ikiguzi n’ufite konti, kwemeza ko amakuru y’ikiguzi atangwa ku gihe, yinjiye muri konti ku gihe, amakuru yoroshye kohereza, kandi ko gusangira amakuru bikorwa; gushyiraho uburyo bwo kubara ikiguzi cyo kugura no gusobanura neza uko ikiguzi cyo kugura gikoreshwa: Gushyiraho imiterere y’imbonerahamwe y’ibiciro ihuriweho kugira ngo umenye neza ko ibisubizo by’ikiguzi cyo kugura ari ukuri.
Icya gatatu, kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gutanga amasoko ku rwego rwa sisitemu yo gutanga amasoko
1. Kunoza imicungire y'ibanze y'amasoko, harimo gushyira mu byiciro no gushyira mu byiciro ibikoresho byaguzwe no gushyiraho ububiko bw'amakuru; kugena amahame ngenderwaho y'isuzuma ry'abatanga ibikoresho, kugabanya urwego rw'abatanga ibikoresho no gushyiraho ububiko bw'amakuru; kwemeza ingano ntoya y'ibikoresho bitandukanye, igihe cyo gutanga ibicuruzwa, n'ingano isanzwe y'ibikoresho bitandukanye bipfunyitse; Ingero n'amakuru ya tekiniki y'ibikoresho bitandukanye byaguzwe.
2. Hakwiye gushyirwaho uburyo bwo gupiganwa ku bicuruzwa byinshi. Isosiyete ishyiraho uburyo busobanutse kandi igashyiraho uburyo bwo gupiganwa busanzwe, kugira ngo gupiganwa no gutanga amasoko bigabanuke ikiguzi cyo gutanga amasoko, cyane cyane kugira ngo hirindwe imiterere y’ibintu. Gupiganwa birarangiye, kandi ikiguzi kiziyongera.
3. Sisitemu yo kwandikisha amakuru y’ubuguzi n’uburyo bwo kurebera hamwe amakuru ajyanye n’ubuguzi irashyirwa mu bikorwa ku bicuruzwa bitandukanye. Amakuru ajyanye n’amazina y’ibicuruzwa byaguzwe, ingano, ikirango cy’ubucuruzi, ibiciro, amazina y’inganda, aho byaguzwe, nimero za telefoni zo guhamagara n’andi makuru agomba kwandikwa mu ishami rishinzwe kugenzura isosiyete kugira ngo ahabwe amakuru. Isosiyete ishobora kohereza umuntu nk’umuntu wa gatatu igihe icyo ari cyo cyose. Kora igenzura ry’ibanze.
4. Gahunda yo gutanga amasoko ikorwa mu buryo bworoshye kandi igabanya imikoranire. Ishami rishinzwe gutanga amasoko rishinzwe guhitamo abatanga amasoko, amashami y’ubuziranenge n’ikoranabuhanga asuzuma ubushobozi bw’umutanga amasoko, kandi ibisabwa biragenwa. Ishami rishinzwe imari rishinzwe kugenzura no kugenzura ibiciro, kandi kwishyura bikorwa byemejwe n’abayobozi bakuru b’ikigo.
5. Kumenya guhuza inzira zo gutanga amasoko binyuze mu guhuza abakozi batanga amasoko, gusobanura ibikoresho byo gutanga amasoko buri mukozi ushinzwe, kandi ubwoko bumwe bw'ibikoresho bugomba kugurwa n'umuntu umwe binyuze mu nzira imwe, keretse iyo ari ihinduka ry'umutanga riteganyijwe.
6. Gushyiraho amasezerano y'ubugure akurikije amategeko. Amasezerano y'ubugure agaragaza neza ko utanga serivisi atagomba guha ruswa abakozi b'ikigo mu buryo bw'ipiganwa ritari ryo kugurisha ibicuruzwa byacyo, bitabaye ibyo amafaranga agomba gukurwaho hakurikijwe uburyo bungana; amasezerano agomba kandi kugaragaza amasezerano ku giciro cyo kwishyura.
7. Sisitemu yo gushakisha amakuru ku kugura, gushyiraho sisitemu yo gushakisha amakuru ku kugura, gusobanura abafite ubushobozi n'abashobora kurangiza imirimo yo gutanga amakuru muri gahunda yo kugura ibikoresho fatizo ku giciro gito cyane ku bagurisha bashoboka, no kugena urwego rw'abatanga serivisi. Ijambo ry'ubuhanga ry'iyi nzira ryitwa kandi kwemeza ibisabwa n'umutanga serivisi. Kugira ngo ukore akazi keza mu gucunga ibibazo ku kugura, ubu ni ngombwa gukoresha neza sisitemu yo gucunga mudasobwa no gukoresha umuyoboro kugira ngo urebe vuba kandi ubone amakuru akenewe, kugira ngo umenye neza ko gucunga ibibazo ku kugura no kubona ibisubizo by'ibibazo ku kugura bikozwe neza.
8. Gushyiraho umubano uhamye w’ubufatanye n’abatanga ibicuruzwa, abatanga ibicuruzwa bahamye bafite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa, ubwisanzure mu biciro, ubufatanye bw’igihe kirekire, bafite gahunda zimwe na zimwe z’ibanze ku bicuruzwa by’ikigo, kandi bashobora kwemeza ko ubwiza, ingano n’itangwa ry’ibikoresho byabo. Igihe, igiciro, nibindi. Imicungire y’amasoko igomba guha agaciro kanini kunoza inyungu zo guhangana n’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa muri rusange, gushyiraho imikoranire y’igihe kirekire kandi ihamye y’ubufatanye n’abatanga ibicuruzwa beza uko bishoboka kose, gushishikariza kunoza ibicuruzwa n’ikoranabuhanga bitangwa, gushyigikira iterambere ry’abatanga ibicuruzwa, no gusinya amasezerano y’ubufatanye nabo mu buryo bw’ingamba igihe bibaye ngombwa. Amasezerano y’ubufatanye n’ibindi.
4. Uburyo n'uburyo bwo kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gutanga amasoko ku rwego rw'amasoko
1. Kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kugura ibicuruzwa binyuze mu guhitamo uburyo bwo kwishyura. Niba ikigo gifite amafaranga ahagije, cyangwa niba inyungu za banki ari nke, gishobora gukoresha uburyo bwo kwishyura amafaranga, akenshi bushobora kugabanya ibiciro cyane, ariko bizagira ingaruka ku mikorere y'imari shingiro y'ikigo cyose.
2. Gusobanukirwa igihe cyo guhinduka kw'ibiciro. Ibiciro bikunze guhinduka bitewe n'ibihe by'izuba n'uko isoko ritanga umusaruro n'uko rikenewe. Kubwibyo, abaguzi bagomba kwitondera itegeko ryo guhinduka kw'ibiciro no gusobanukirwa igihe cyo kugura.
3. Kugura ibikoresho byinshi, uburyo bwiza ni ugushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano y’ipiganwa, akenshi bigatuma habaho igiciro gito binyuze mu kugereranya ibiciro hagati y’abatanga ibicuruzwa. Binyuze mu guhitamo no kugereranya abatanga ibicuruzwa batandukanye kugira ngo bafatanye, kugira ngo ikigo kibe mu mwanya mwiza mu biganiro.
4. Gutanga ibicuruzwa bivuye ku ruganda. Gutumiza ibicuruzwa bivuye ku ruganda bishobora kugabanya imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kugura. Muri icyo gihe, serivisi za tekiniki z'uruganda na serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha bizaba byiza kurushaho.
5. Hitamo abatanga ibicuruzwa bizerwa kandi ushyireho amasezerano y'igihe kirekire. Gukorana n'abatanga ibicuruzwa b'inyangamugayo kandi bizerwa ntibishobora kwemeza gusa ireme ry'ibicuruzwa no kubigeza ku gihe, ahubwo binatuma wishyura neza kandi ukabona igiciro cyiza.
6. Gukora ubushakashatsi bwuzuye no gukusanya amakuru ku isoko ry’amasoko, guteza imbere umutungo w’abatanga serivisi, no kwagura urusobe rw’ibicuruzwa by’ikigo binyuze mu nzira nyinshi. Kugira ngo ikigo kigere ku rwego runaka rwo gucunga amasoko, kigomba kwita ku iperereza ry’isoko ry’amasoko no gukusanya no gutondekanya amakuru. Muri ubu buryo ni bwo bwonyine dushobora gusobanukirwa neza imiterere y’isoko n’ibiciro, kandi tukishyira mu mwanya mwiza.
Icya gatanu, kurwanya ruswa mu bijyanye no gutanga amasoko bigira ingaruka ku kugabanuka kw'ikiguzi cy'amasoko mu bigo
Bamwe mu bayobozi b'ibigo bavuze mu buryo bweruye bati: “Kugura ruswa ntibishoboka kuyikumira, kandi ibigo byinshi ntibishobora kurenga iyi mbogamizi.” Uku ni ko abakozi bashinzwe gutanga amasoko babona yuan imwe ku batanga amasoko, nta gushidikanya ko bizatwara yuan icumi mu mafaranga yo gutanga amasoko. Kugira ngo dushake ibisubizo by'ubu bwoko bw'ikibazo, tugomba gufata ingamba muri ibi bikurikira: kubaka inshingano z'akazi, guhitamo abakozi no kubahugura, ikinyabupfura mu gutanga amasoko, kubaka sisitemu yo gusuzuma imikorere y'abakozi, n'ibindi.
Kugura ivuriro bisaba gushyiraho ivuriro ritandukanye ry’aho gutanga amasoko bihurira, kugira ngo hakemuke ikibazo cyo kudashyira imbaraga nyinshi mu guhaha, kwishyira hamwe, kugenzura no gushyigikirana, kandi icyarimwe ntibigire ingaruka ku ishyaka ry’abakozi muri buri vuriro.
Guhitamo abakozi, ibipimo ngenderwaho mu gutoranya buri mwanya w’abakozi bashinzwe gucunga amasoko bigomba kuba bifite ibi bikurikira: ubumenyi runaka mu mwuga no mu itumanaho, ubumenyi mu by’amategeko, isuku, nibindi, no kugerageza kwirinda ko bene wabo b’abayobozi b’ishami rishinzwe amasoko bakora akazi ko gutanga amasoko.
Ubushobozi bw'umwuga ntabwo burimo gusa gusobanukirwa neza imiterere y'ibikoresho fatizo bifite inshingano, ahubwo bunakubiyemo igitekerezo gisobanutse cy'inzira yo gucunga ibikoresho fatizo; isuku ni ingenzi cyane cyane ku bakozi bagura bakunze gukorana n'amafaranga, nubwo imicungire y'imbere mu kigo yafashwe ingamba zitandukanye muri buri sano, ariko ku bakozi bashinzwe gutanga amasoko imbere, biracyari ngombwa guhura n'ibishuko bitandukanye bitangwa n'abatanga amasoko. Uburyo bwo kwirinda ishyirwaho ry'imitego inyuma y'ibishuko bisaba ko abakozi bashinzwe gutanga amasoko ubwabo bagira ubunyangamugayo n'ubunyangamugayo. Ubumenyi bw'amategeko n'ibindi.
Shyiraho gahunda yuzuye y'akazi mu ishami rishinzwe gutanga amasoko, usobanure neza ko gufata ibyemezo no gushyira mu bikorwa ibikorwa byo gutanga amasoko bigomba kuba bisobanutse, bisobanutse, kandi bigakurikirana kandi bigahagarikirana; gukurikiza neza amahame y'imikorere yo "gutegura mbere y'igihe, kugenzura neza mu gihe cy'igikorwa, no gusesengura neza no gutanga incamake nyuma yacyo" kugira ngo harebwe ko hagurwa kandi hatangwa ibikoresho n'ibikoresho byiza kandi bihendutse byujuje ibisabwa;
Gushyira mu bikorwa "abakozi bose, inzira zose, kugenzura amasoko yose", no guhagarika burundu uburiganya bw'abikorera ku giti cyabo, kwakira, kugabanyirizwa imisoro, n'imyitwarire mibi, itemewe n'amategeko, n'ibyaha byangiza inyungu z'ikigo mu bijyanye no gutanga no gutanga, hamwe n'impano n'impano by'umutanga serivisi bidashobora kwangwa, bigomba guhita bishyikirizwa ikigo kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa; gutoza abaguzi gukunda akazi kabo, gukora inshingano zabo, kuba indahemuka kuri sosiyete, kuba inyangamugayo kuri sosiyete, kubungabunga inyungu z'ikigo, kubika amabanga ya sosiyete, no kurinda uburenganzira bw'umutungo mu by'ubwenge.
Gusuzuma imikorere no kubaka uburyo bwo gusaranganya imishahara Ni ngombwa cyane ko buri mwanya n'ishami rishinzwe kugura basuzuma imikorere ya buri mwanya wo kugura. Ni ngombwa cyane gushyiraho no gushyiraho uburyo bwa siyansi bwo gucunga, ni ukuvuga amahame ngenderwaho yo gusuzuma imikorere, bushobora gukomeza guteza imbere imikoranire yose mu gucunga amasoko. Kunoza, gutanga icyizere no gushishikariza akazi neza, no kugera ku buryo buboneye aho imikorere ifasha kugabanya ikiguzi.
Nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe kugura, ntabwo ibintu bitanu byavuzwe haruguru bikora gusa mu gucunga kugura, ahubwo ikiruta byose, gushyiraho ishusho nziza y'abantu ku giti cyabo n'amashami mu bijyanye no kugura, kuba indahemuka ku kigo, gufata abantu mu buryo burangwa n'ukuri, no kuba inyangamugayo ku bakozi bashinzwe, ibyo bizagufasha kugumana ikiguzi cyo kugura. Gutunganya ibicuruzwa bikwiranye n'isoko ry'ibigo.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: 30 Ugushyingo-2021