Intshayelelo: Ukubumba ngenaliti yinkqubo ephambili kwizixhobo zokupakisha ubuhle. Inkqubo yokuqala idla ngokuba kukubumba ngenaliti, nto leyo emisela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho wemveliso kunye nemveliso. Indawo yenkqubo yokubumba ngenaliti kufuneka iqwalasele izinto ezisi-7 ezifana nokuncipha, ukunyibilika, ubukhristalo, iiplastiki ezibuthathaka kubushushu kunye neeplastiki ezifakwe i-hydrolyzed ngokulula, ukuqhekeka koxinzelelo kunye nokuqhekeka kokunyibilika, ukusebenza kobushushu kunye nesantya sokuphola, kunye nokufunxwa komswakama. Eli nqaku libhalwe nguiphakheji yomnyama waseShanghaiYabelana ngomxholo ofanelekileyo wezi zinto zisi-7, ukuze abahlobo bakho babhekisele kuwo kwicandelo lokubonelela ngempahla laseYoupin:
Ukubumba ngenaliti
Ukubumba ngenaliti, okwaziwa ngokuba kukubumba ngenaliti, yindlela yokubumba edibanisa ukubumba ngenaliti kunye nokubumba. Iingenelo zendlela yokubumba ngenaliti kukukhawuleza kwemveliso, ukusebenza kakuhle, ukusebenza kungenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo, iintlobo ngeentlobo zemibala, iimilo zinokuba lula ukuya kubunzima, ubungakanani bunokuba bukhulu ukuya kuncinci, kwaye ubungakanani bemveliso buchanekile, imveliso kulula ukuyihlaziya, kwaye ingenziwa ibe ziimilo ezintsonkothileyo. Iinxalenye kunye nokubumba ngenaliti zifanelekile kwimveliso enkulu kunye namasimi okucubungula ukubumba njengeemveliso ezineemilo ezintsonkothileyo. Kwiqondo elithile lobushushu, izinto zeplastiki ezinyibilikisiweyo ngokupheleleyo zivuselelwa ngesikrufu, zifakwe kwi-mold cavity ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu, kwaye zipholiswe kwaye ziqine ukuze kufunyanwe imveliso ebunjiweyo. Le ndlela ifanelekile kwimveliso enkulu yeendawo ezineemilo ezintsonkothileyo kwaye yenye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo zokucubungula.
01
Ukuncipha
Izinto ezichaphazela ukuncitshiswa kokubumba kwe-thermoplastic zezi zilandelayo:
1) Iintlobo zeplastiki: Ngexesha lenkqubo yokubumba iiplastiki ze-thermoplastic, kusekho utshintsho olukhulu olubangelwa yi-crystallization, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oluqinileyo, uxinzelelo olukhulu olushiyekileyo oluqandisiweyo kwiindawo zeplastiki, ukujongwa okunamandla kweemolekyuli kunye nezinye izinto, ngoko ke xa kuthelekiswa neeplastiki ze-thermoset, izinga lokuncitshiswa likhulu, uluhlu lokuncitshiswa lulubanzi, kwaye indlela ebhekiselele kuyo icacile. Ukongeza, ukuncitshiswa emva kokubumba, ukuqhoboshelwa okanye ukulungiswa komswakama ngokubanzi kukhulu kunokweplastiki ye-thermosetting.
2) Iimpawu zenxalenye yeplastiki. Xa izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo zidibana nomphezulu womngxuma, umaleko ongaphandle upholiswa ngoko nangoko ukuze kwenziwe iqokobhe eliqinileyo elinoxinano oluphantsi. Ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kobushushu beplastiki, umaleko ongaphakathi wenxalenye yeplastiki upholiswa kancinci ukuze kwenziwe umaleko oqinileyo onoxinano olukhulu. Ke ngoko, ubukhulu bodonga, ukupholisa kancinci, kunye nobukhulu bomaleko oxineneyo kuya kuncipha ngakumbi.
Ukongeza, ukubakho okanye ukungabikho kwezinto ezifakwayo kunye noyilo kunye nobungakanani bezinto ezifakwayo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela yokuhamba kwezinto, ukusasazwa koxinano kunye nokumelana nokuncitshiswa. Ke ngoko, iimpawu zezixhobo zeplastiki zinempembelelo enkulu ekuncitshisweni nasekuqondeni.
3) Izinto ezifana nohlobo, ubungakanani, kunye nokusasazwa kwendawo yokungena kwesondlo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela yokuhamba kwezinto, ukusasazwa koxinano, isiphumo sokugcina uxinzelelo kunye nokuncipha kunye nexesha lokubumba. Iindawo zokungenisa ukutya ezithe ngqo kunye neendawo zokungenisa ukutya ezineendawo ezinkulu zokudlula (ingakumbi iindawo zokudlula ezinkulu) zinokuncipha okuncinci kodwa zinokuqondisa okukhulu, kwaye iindawo zokuhambisa ukutya ezimfutshane ezinobubanzi obufutshane kunye nobude zinokuqondisa okuncinci. Ezo zikufutshane nendawo yokungena kwesondlo okanye ezihambelana necala lokuhamba kwesixhobo ziya kuncipha ngakumbi.
4) Iimeko zokubumba Ubushushu bokubumba buphezulu, izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo zipholile kancinci, uxinano luphezulu, kwaye uxinano lukhulu. Ingakumbi kwizinto ezikristale, uxinano lukhulu ngenxa yekristale ephezulu kunye notshintsho olukhulu lomthamo. Ukusasazwa kobushushu bokubumba kukwanxulumene nokuphola kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kunye noxinano lwenxalenye yeplastiki, echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubungakanani kunye necala lokuncipha kwenxalenye nganye.
Ukongeza, uxinzelelo lokubamba kunye nexesha nazo zinempembelelo enkulu ekuncipheni, kwaye ukuncipheka kuncinci kodwa icala liya likhulu xa uxinzelelo luphezulu kwaye ixesha lide. Uxinzelelo lwe-injection luphezulu, umahluko we-melt viscosity uncinci, uxinzelelo lwe-interlayer shear luncinci, kwaye i-elastic rebound emva kokudilizwa inkulu, ngoko ke ukuncipheka kungancitshiswa ngesixa esifanelekileyo. Ubushushu bezinto buphezulu, ukuncipheka kukhulu, kodwa icala liya ncinci. Ke ngoko, ukulungisa ubushushu be-mold, uxinzelelo, isantya se-injection kunye nexesha lokupholisa ngexesha lokubumba kunokutshintsha ngokufanelekileyo ukuncipheka kwenxalenye yeplastiki.
Xa kuyilwa isikhunta, ngokweendidi zokunciphisa iiplastiki ezahlukeneyo, ubukhulu bodonga kunye nokuma kwenxalenye yeplastiki, ubungakanani kunye nokusasazwa kwefom yokungena, izinga lokuncipha kwenxalenye nganye yenxalenye yeplastiki limiselwa ngokwamava, kwaye emva koko ubungakanani bomngxuma buyabalwa.
Kwiindawo zeplastiki ezichanekileyo kakhulu kwaye xa kunzima ukuqonda isantya sokuncipha, iindlela ezilandelayo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi ukuyila isikhunta:
Thatha izinga elincinci lokuncipha kobubanzi bangaphandle benxalenye yeplastiki, kunye nezinga elikhulu lokuncipha kobubanzi bangaphakathi, ukuze ushiye indawo yokulungiswa emva kokubunjwa kovavanyo.
Iimolds zovavanyo zimisela imo, ubungakanani kunye neemeko zokubumba kwenkqubo yokugada.
Iindawo zeplastiki eziza kucutshungulwa emva kokucutshungulwa ziya kucutshungulwa emva kokumiselwa ukuze kuchongwe utshintsho lobungakanani (umlinganiselo kufuneka ube kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokucutshungulwa).
Lungisa isikhunta ngokwendlela esinciphile ngayo.
Zama kwakhona isikhunta kwaye utshintshe ngokufanelekileyo iimeko zenkqubo ukuze utshintshe kancinci ixabiso lokuncipha ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zenxalenye yeplastiki.
02
ukugeleza
1) Ukutyibilika kwe-thermoplastics ngokubanzi kunokuhlalutywa kuluhlu lwee-indexes ezifana nobunzima be-molecular, i-melt index, ubude be-Archimedes spiral flow, i-viscosity ebonakalayo kunye ne-flow ratio (ubude benkqubo/ubukhulu bodonga lwenxalenye yeplastiki).
Ubunzima obuncinci bemolekyuli, ukusasazwa kobunzima bemolekyuli obubanzi, ukulungelelana kwesakhiwo semolekyuli okungalunganga, isalathisi sokunyibilika okuphezulu, ubude bokuhamba okujikelezayo okude, i-viscosity ephantsi ebonakalayo, umlinganiselo wokuhamba okuphezulu, ukunyibilika okuhle, iiplastiki ezinegama elifanayo lemveliso kufuneka zijonge imiyalelo yazo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuba ukunyibilika kwazo kuyasebenza na.
Ngokweemfuno zoyilo lwesikhunta, ukutyibilika kweplastiki esetyenziswa rhoqo kunokwahlulwahlulwa kathathu ngokweendidi:
I-PA, PE, PS, PP, CA, poly(4) methylpentene elungileyo;
I-resin yochungechunge lwePolystyrene eguquguqukayo ephakathi (efana ne-ABS, AS), i-PMMA, i-POM, i-polyphenylene ether;
I-PC ebuthathaka yokutyibilika, i-PVC eqinileyo, i-polyphenylene ether, i-polysulfone, i-polyarylsulfone, ii-fluoroplastics.
2) Ukutyibilika kweeplastiki ezahlukeneyo nako kuyatshintsha ngenxa yezinto ezahlukeneyo zokubumba. Izinto eziphambili ezinefuthe zezi zilandelayo:
①Ubushushu obuphezulu bezinto bunyusa ukunyibilika, kodwa iiplastiki ezahlukeneyo zinezahluko zazo, ezifana ne-PS (ingakumbi ezo zinamandla aphezulu okumelana nempembelelo kunye nexabiso eliphezulu le-MFR), i-PP, i-PA, i-PMMA, i-modified polystyrene (njenge-ABS, i-AS). Ukunyibilika kwe-PC, i-CA kunye nezinye iiplastiki kuyahluka kakhulu ngokweqondo lobushushu. Kwi-PE kunye ne-POM, ukunyuka okanye ukwehla kobushushu akunampembelelo ingako kwi-fluidity yazo. Ke ngoko, eyokuqala kufuneka ilungise ubushushu ngexesha lokubumba ukulawula ukunyibilika.
②Xa uxinzelelo lokubumba ngenaliti lunyusiwe, izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo zichaphazeleka kakhulu kukucheba, kwaye ukuchaneka kwazo kuyanda, ingakumbi i-PE kunye ne-POM zinobuthathaka ngakumbi, ngoko ke uxinzelelo lokubumba kufuneka lulungiswe ukuze kulawulwe ukuchaneka ngexesha lokubumba.
③Imo, ubungakanani, uyilo, uyilo lwenkqubo yokupholisa yesakhiwo sesikhunta, ukumelana nokuhamba kwezinto ezinyibilikisiweyo (njengokugqitywa komphezulu, ubukhulu becandelo letshaneli, imilo yomngxuma, inkqubo yokukhupha umoya) kunye nezinye izinto ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo kumngxuma. Ukunyibilika kokwenyani ngaphakathi, ukuba izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo zikhuthazwa ukuba zehlise ubushushu kwaye zonyuse ukumelana nokunyibilika, ukunyibilika kuya kuncipha. Xa kuyilwa isikhunta, kufuneka kukhethwe isakhiwo esifanelekileyo ngokwendlela iplastiki esetyenzisiweyo enyibilikisiweyo enyibilikisiweyo ngayo.
Ngexesha lokubumba, ubushushu bezinto, ubushushu bokubumba, uxinzelelo lwenaliti, isantya sokufaka kunye nezinye izinto zinokulawulwa ukuze kulungiswe ngokufanelekileyo imeko yokuzalisa ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokubumba.
03
Ubukristali
Ii-thermoplastics zinokwahlulwa zibe ziiplastiki ezikristale kunye neeplastiki ezingezizo ezikristale (ezaziwa ngokuba zi-amorphous) ngokwendlela ezingasebenzi ngayo iikristale ngexesha lokufuma.
Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-crystallization phenomenon ibhekisa kwinto yokuba xa iplastiki itshintsha ukusuka kwimeko enyibilikisiweyo ukuya kwimeko yokufuma, iimolekyuli zihamba ngokwazo kwaye zikwimeko ephazamisekileyo ngokupheleleyo. Iimolekyuli ziyayeka ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, zicinezele indawo ezinzileyo kancinci, kwaye zinotyekelo lokwenza ulungiselelo lweemolekyuli lube yimodeli eqhelekileyo. Le meko.
Iikhrayitheriya zokubonakala kwezi ntlobo zimbini zeplastiki zinokumiselwa kukucaca kweenxalenye zeplastiki ezinodonga oluqinileyo. Ngokubanzi, izinto zekristale azibonakali okanye zikhanya (ezifana nePOM, njl.njl.), kwaye izinto ezingabonakaliyo zikhanya (ezifana nePMMA, njl.njl.). Kodwa kukho izinto ezingaqhelekanga. Umzekelo, i-poly(4) methylpentene yiplastiki yekristale kodwa inokukhanya okuphezulu, kwaye i-ABS yinto engabonakaliyo kodwa ayibonakali.
Xa uyila iimolds kwaye ukhetha oomatshini bokubumba ngenaliti, qaphela ezi mfuno zilandelayo kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko kwiplastiki zekristale:
Ubushushu obufunekayo ukuze kunyuswe ubushushu bezinto ezisetyenziswayo bufikelele kubushushu obufunekayo, kwaye kufuneka izixhobo ezinomthamo omkhulu wokwenza iplastiki.
Ubushushu obuninzi bukhutshwa ngexesha lokuphola nokuguqulwa kwakhona, ngoko ke kufuneka bupholiswe ngokwaneleyo.
Umahluko othile womxhuzulane phakathi kwesimo esinyibilikisiweyo kunye nesimo esiqinileyo mkhulu, ukuncitshiswa kokubumba kukhulu, kwaye ukuncitshiswa kunye neembobo zinokwenzeka.
Ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza, ubukhazikhazi obuphantsi, ukuncipha okuncinci kunye nokubonakala okuphezulu. Ubukhazikhazi bunxulumene nobukhulu bodonga lwenxalenye yeplastiki, kwaye ubukhulu bodonga bucotha ukuphola, ubukhazikhazi buphezulu, ukuncipha kukhulu, kwaye iimpawu zomzimba zilungile. Ke ngoko, ubushushu bokubumba bezinto zekristale kufuneka bulawulwe njengoko kufuneka.
I-anisotropy ibalulekile kwaye uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lukhulu. Iimolekyuli ezingaqiniswanga emva kokuqhekeka zinotyekelo lokuqhubeka ziqiniswa, zikwimeko yokungalingani kwamandla, kwaye zinokuguquguquka kunye nokuqhekeka.
Uluhlu lobushushu bekristale luncinci, kwaye kulula ukuba izinto ezinganyibilikiyo zifakwe kwisikhunta okanye zivale i-feed port.
04
Iiplastiki ezibuthathaka kubushushu kunye neeplastiki ezifakwe amanzi ngokulula
1) Uvakalelo lobushushu luthetha ukuba ezinye iiplastiki zinovakalelo oluphezulu kubushushu. Ziya kufudunyezwa ixesha elide kubushushu obuphezulu okanye indawo yokuvula ukutya incinci kakhulu. Xa isiphumo sokucheba sikhulu, ubushushu bezinto ziya kunyuka ngokulula ukuze kubangele ukutshintsha kombala, ukuwohloka kunye nokubola. Iplastiki ephawulekayo ibizwa ngokuba yiplastiki enovakalelo oluphezulu kubushushu.
Ezifana ne-PVC eqinileyo, i-polyvinylidene chloride, i-vinyl acetate copolymer, i-POM, i-polychlorotrifluoroethylene, njl. Iiplastiki ezibuthathaka kubushushu zivelisa ii-monomers, iigesi, izinto eziqinileyo kunye nezinye iimveliso ezingaphantsi ngexesha lokubola. Ngokukodwa, ezinye iigesi ezibolayo zinemiphumo ecaphukisayo, erhabaxa okanye enetyhefu emzimbeni womntu, kwizixhobo, nakwizinto ezibunjiweyo.
Ngoko ke, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe uyilo lwe-mold, ukukhethwa komatshini wokubumba inaliti kunye nokubumba. Umatshini wokubumba i-screw injection kufuneka usetyenziswe. Icandelo lenkqubo yokugalela kufuneka libe likhulu. I-mold kunye ne-barrel kufuneka zifakwe i-chrome-plated. Yongeza i-stabilizer ukuze unciphise ubushushu bayo.
2) Nokuba ezinye iiplastiki (ezifana nePC) ziqulathe amanzi amancinci, ziya kubola xa kushushu kakhulu kwaye kuxinzelelo oluphezulu. Olu phawu lubizwa ngokuba yi-easy hydrolysis, ekufuneka ifudunyezwe kwaye yomiswe kwangaphambili.
05
Ukuqhekeka koxinzelelo kunye nokuqhekeka okunyibilikisiweyo
1) Ezinye iiplastiki ziyakhawuleza ukuxinezeleka. Ziyakhawuleza ukuxinezeleka ngaphakathi ngexesha lokubumba kwaye ziyaqhekeka kwaye kulula ukuziqhekeza. Iindawo zeplastiki ziyaqhekeka phantsi kwesenzo samandla angaphandle okanye isinyibilikisi.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukongeza ekongezeni izongezo kwizinto eziluhlaza ukuphucula ukumelana neentanda, kufuneka kunikwe ingqalelo ekomiseni izinto eziluhlaza, kwaye iimeko zokubumba kufuneka zikhethwe ngokufanelekileyo ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokwandisa ukumelana neentanda. Kwaye ukuba kufuneka ukhethe imilo efanelekileyo yeenxalenye zeplastiki, akufanelekanga ukufaka izinto zokufaka kunye nezinye iindlela zokunciphisa uxinzelelo.
Xa kuyilwa isikhunta, i-engile yokukhupha kufuneka yonyuswe, kwaye kukhethwe indlela efanelekileyo yokungenisa ukutya kunye nendlela yokukhupha. Ubushushu bezinto, ubushushu besikhunta, uxinzelelo lwe-injection kunye nexesha lokupholisa kufuneka zilungiswe ngokufanelekileyo ngexesha lokukhupha, kwaye uzame ukuphepha ukususa xa inxalenye yeplastiki ibanda kakhulu kwaye ibuthathaka. Emva kokukhupha, iindawo zeplastiki kufuneka nazo zifakwe emva konyango ukuphucula ukumelana nokuqhekeka, ukususa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokuthintela ukudibana nezinyibilikisi.
2) Xa i-polymer enyibilikayo enesantya esithile sokuhamba kokunyibilika idlula kumngxuma we-nozzle kubushushu obungaguqukiyo kwaye isantya sayo sokuhamba sidlula ixabiso elithile, imifantu ebonakalayo ecaleni kumphezulu we-melt ibizwa ngokuba yi-melt fracture, eya konakalisa inkangeleko kunye neempawu zomzimba zenxalenye yeplastiki. Ke ngoko, xa kukhethwa ii-polymers ezinesantya esiphezulu sokuhamba kokunyibilika, icandelo elinqamlezileyo le-nozzle, i-runner, kunye nokuvulwa kwe-feed kufuneka lonyuswe ukuze kuncitshiswe isantya sokujova kunye nokunyusa ubushushu bezinto.
06
Ukusebenza kobushushu kunye nesantya sokupholisa
1) Iiplastiki ezahlukeneyo zineempawu ezahlukeneyo zobushushu ezifana nobushushu obuthile, ukuhanjiswa kobushushu, kunye nobushushu bokujikajika kobushushu. Ukufakelwa iplastiki ngobushushu obuthile obuthile kufuna ubushushu obuninzi, kwaye kufuneka kusetyenziswe umatshini wokubumba ngenaliti onomthamo omkhulu wokwenza iplastiki. Ixesha lokupholisa leplastiki enobushushu obuphezulu bokujikajika kobushushu linokuba lifutshane kwaye ukususwa kwayo kuselithuba, kodwa ukuguquka kokupholisa kufuneka kuthintelwe emva kokususwa kwayo.
Iiplastiki ezine-thermal conductivity ephantsi zine-cooling rate ecothayo (ezifana nee-ionic polymers, njl.njl.), ngoko ke kufuneka zipholiswe ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuphuculwe isiphumo sokupholisa se-mold. Ii-hot runner molds zifanelekile kwiiplastiki ezine-thermal conductivity ephantsi kunye ne-thermal conductivity ephezulu. Iiplastiki ezine-thermal conductivity enkulu, i-thermal conductivity ephantsi, i-thermal deformation ecothayo, kunye ne-cooling rate ecothayo azilungele i-high speed molding. Kufuneka kukhethwe oomatshini bokubumba injection abafanelekileyo kunye ne-mold cooling ephuculweyo.
2) Iiplastiki ezahlukeneyo ziyafuneka ukuze kugcinwe izinga elifanelekileyo lokuphola ngokweentlobo zazo, iimpawu kunye nemilo yeenxalenye zeplastiki. Ke ngoko, isikhunta kufuneka sixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zokufudumeza kunye nokupholisa ngokweemfuno zokubumba ukuze kugcinwe ubushushu obuthile besikhunta. Xa ubushushu bezinto bunyusa ubushushu besikhunta, kufuneka sipholiswe ukuze kuthintelwe ukuba inxalenye yeplastiki ingaguquguquki emva kokuqhekeka, kufinyezwe umjikelo wokubumba, kwaye kuncitshiswe ubukristale.
Xa ubushushu obungaphelelanga beplastiki bunganele ukugcina isikhunta kubushushu obuthile, isikhunta kufuneka sixhotyiswe ngenkqubo yokufudumeza ukugcina isikhunta kubushushu obuthile ukulawula izinga lokuphola, ukuqinisekisa ukunyibilika, ukuphucula iimeko zokuzalisa okanye ukulawula iindawo zeplastiki ukuba ziphole kancinci. Thintela ukupholisa okungalinganiyo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweendawo zeplastiki ezixineneyo kwaye wonyuse ubukristale.
Kwabo banobumanzi obuhle, indawo enkulu yokubumba, kunye nobushushu obungalinganiyo bezinto, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zokubumba zeplastiki, ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka ifudunyezwe okanye ipholiswe ngokutshintshana okanye ifudunyezwe kwindawo ethile kwaye ipholiswe. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, isikhunta kufuneka sixhotyiswe ngenkqubo yokupholisa okanye yokufudumeza efanelekileyo.
07
I-Hygroscopicity
Ngenxa yokuba kukho izongezo ezahlukeneyo kwiiplastiki, ezenza ukuba zibe namanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuhambelana nokufuma, iiplastiki zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezimbini: ukufunxwa komswakama, ukunamathela komswakama, kunye nokungafunxwa komswakama kunye nokunganamatheli. Umxholo wamanzi kwizinto kufuneka ulawulwe ngaphakathi koluhlu oluvumelekileyo. Ngaphandle koko, ukufuma kuya kuba yigesi okanye i-hydrolyze phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu, okuya kubangela ukuba i-resin ibe negwebu, inciphise ukufuma, kwaye ibe nembonakalo embi kunye neempawu zoomatshini.
Ngoko ke, iiplastiki ezisetyenziswa ngendlela ye-hygroscopic kufuneka zitshiswe ngezixhobo zokufudumeza ezifanelekileyo kunye neenkcukacha ezifanelekileyo njengoko kufuneka ukuthintela ukufunxwa kwakhona komswakama ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.
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Ixesha lokuthumela: Septemba-27-2021