Intangiriro: Gutera inshinge ni yo nzira y'ibanze mu gupfunyika ibikoresho byo kwisiga. Uburyo bwa mbere akenshi ni ugutera inshinge, ibyo bikaba bigena neza ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa n'umusaruro wabyo. Imiterere y'uburyo bwo gutera inshinge igomba gusuzuma ibintu 7 nko gushonga, guhindagurika kw'amazi, ubushyuhe, imiterere y'amakristale, plastiki zishobora kwibasirwa n'ubushyuhe na plastiki zikoresha amazi yoroshye, gucikagurika no gushonga, imikorere y'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko wo gukonja, hamwe n'uburyo amazi yinjira mu bushyuhe. Iyi nkuru yanditswe naipaki y'umukororombya wa ShanghaiSangiza ibikubiye muri ibi bintu 7, kugira ngo inshuti zawe zibirebe mu ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa bya Youpin:
Gutera inshinge
Gutera inshinge, bizwi kandi nka inshinge, ni uburyo bwo gutera inshinge buhuza inshinge n'imashini. Ibyiza byo gukoresha uburyo bwo gutera inshinge ni ukwihuta mu gukora, imikorere myiza cyane, imikorere ishobora gukorwa mu buryo bwikora, amabara atandukanye, imiterere ishobora kuva ku yoroshye kugeza ku igoye, ingano ishobora kuva ku nini kugeza ku nto, kandi ingano y'igicuruzwa ni nziza, ibicuruzwa biroroshye kuvugurura, kandi bishobora gukorwamo imiterere igoye. Ibice n'imashini yo gutera inshinge bikwiriye gukorwa mu bwinshi no gutunganya imashini nk'ibicuruzwa bifite imiterere igoye. Ku bushyuhe runaka, ibikoresho bya pulasitiki byashongeshejwe burundu bikururwa n'akantu ko gukurura, bigashyirwa mu mwobo w'imashini hamwe n'umuvuduko mwinshi, bigakonjeshwa bigakomera kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro ukozwe. Ubu buryo bukwiriye gukora ibice byinshi bifite imiterere igoye kandi ni bumwe mu buryo bw'ingenzi bwo gutunganya.
01
Kugabanuka
Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kugabanuka k'ubucukuzi bwa thermoplastic ni ibi bikurikira:
1) Ubwoko bwa pulasitiki: Mu gihe cyo gushushanya pulasitiki za thermoplastic, haracyariho impinduka mu bunini ziterwa no gukurura, imbaraga nyinshi imbere mu mubiri, imbaraga nini zisigaye zikonjeshwa mu bice bya pulasitiki, icyerekezo gikomeye cya molekile n'ibindi bintu, bityo ugereranije na pulasitiki za thermoset, igipimo cyo guhomba ni kinini, urwego rwo guhomba ni rugari, kandi icyerekezo kiragaragara. Byongeye kandi, guhomba nyuma yo gushushanya, gufunga cyangwa guhumeka muri rusange ni kinini kuruta pulasitiki za thermosetting.
2) Ibiranga igice cya pulasitiki. Iyo ibikoresho bishongeshejwe bihuye n'ubuso bw'umwobo, urwego rwo hanze ruhita rukonjeshwa kugira ngo rukore igishishwa gito cy'ubucucike. Bitewe n'ubushyuhe buke bwa pulasitiki, urwego rw'imbere rw'igice cya pulasitiki rukonjeshwa buhoro buhoro kugira ngo rukore urwego rukomeye rw'ubucucike rufite ubucucike bwinshi. Kubwibyo, ubunini bw'urukuta, ubukonje buke, n'ubunini bw'urwego rufite ubucucike bwinshi bizagabanuka cyane.
Byongeye kandi, kuba hari cyangwa ntaho binjirira, imiterere n'ingano y'ibinjirira bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku cyerekezo cy'inzira y'ibikoresho, ikwirakwira ry'ubucucike ndetse no kudacika. Kubwibyo, imiterere y'ibice bya pulasitiki igira ingaruka zikomeye ku kugabanuka no ku cyerekezo.
3) Ibintu nk'imiterere, ingano, n'uburyo aho amazi yinjira bigira ingaruka ku cyerekezo cy'uburyo ibikoresho bigenda, uburyo bikwirakwira mu buryo bw'ubucucike, uburyo bikomeza no kugabanya umuvuduko ndetse n'igihe cyo kubumba. Aho amazi yinjira hitaruye n'aho amazi yinjira hitaruye bifite ibice binini (cyane cyane ibice binini) bifite ukugabanuka guke ariko bifite icyerekezo kinini, naho aho amazi yinjira hitaruye afite ubugari n'uburebure bugufi nta cyerekezo afite. Aho amazi yinjira hitaruye cyangwa ajyanye n'icyerekezo cy'uburyo amazi yinjira azagabanuka cyane.
4) Imiterere y'ibumba Ubushyuhe bw'ibumba buri hejuru, ibikoresho bishongeshejwe bikonja buhoro buhoro, ubucucike buri hejuru, kandi ubucucike ni bwinshi. Cyane cyane ku bikoresho bya kristu, ubucucike burakabije bitewe n'ubucucike bwinshi n'impinduka nini z'ingano. Ikwirakwizwa ry'ubushyuhe bw'ibumba rifitanye isano kandi n'ubukonje bw'imbere n'inyuma n'ubucucike bw'igice cya pulasitiki, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku bunini n'icyerekezo cy'ubucucike bwa buri gice.
Byongeye kandi, igitutu n'igihe bifatisha nabyo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku guhagarara, kandi guhagarara ni bito ariko icyerekezo kiba kinini iyo igitutu kiri hejuru kandi igihe ari kirekire. Igitutu cyo guterwa ni kinini, itandukaniro ry'ubushyuhe bwo gushonga ni rito, igitutu cyo gukata hagati y'ibice ni gito, kandi guhindukira kwa elastic nyuma yo gukurwaho ni kinini, bityo guhagarara nabyo bishobora kugabanuka ku gipimo gikwiye. Ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho ni bwinshi, guhagarara ni kinini, ariko icyerekezo ni gito. Kubwibyo, guhindura ubushyuhe bw'ibimera, igitutu, umuvuduko wo guterwa n'igihe cyo gukonjesha mu gihe cyo guterwa nabyo bishobora guhindura neza guhagarara kw'igice cya pulasitiki.
Mu gushushanya ibumba, hakurikijwe urwego rw'igabanuka ry'ibumba rya pulasitiki zitandukanye, ubugari bw'urukuta n'imiterere y'igice cya pulasitiki, ingano n'uburyo gikwirakwira, igipimo cyo kugabanuka kwa buri gice cy'igice cya pulasitiki kigenwa hakurikijwe ubunararibonye, hanyuma ingano y'aho umwobo uherereye ikabarwa.
Ku bice bya pulasitiki bifite ubuhanga bwo hejuru kandi iyo bigoye gusobanukirwa umuvuduko wo kugabanuka, ubu buryo bukurikira bukwiye gukoreshwa muri rusange mu gushushanya ibumba:
Fata umuvuduko muto wo kugabanya umurambararo w'inyuma w'igice cya pulasitiki, n'umuvuduko munini wo kugabanya umurambararo w'imbere, kugira ngo habeho umwanya wo gukosora nyuma y'imashini igerageza.
Ibikoresho byo kugerageza bigena imiterere, ingano n'imiterere y'uburyo bwo gufunga.
Ibice bya pulasitiki bigomba gutunganywa nyuma yo gutunganywa bikorerwa isuzuma ryabyo kugira ngo hamenyekane ihinduka ry’ingano (igipimo kigomba kuba amasaha 24 nyuma yo gukurwaho).
Kosora ibumba ukurikije uko ryagabanutse.
Ongera ugerageze ibumba hanyuma uhindure neza imiterere y'igikorwa kugira ngo uhindure gato agaciro kagabanutse kugira ngo gahuze n'ibisabwa n'igice cya pulasitiki.
02
ubusugire
1) Uburyo thermoplastics ihindagurikamo amazi bushobora gusesengura muri rusange uhereye ku rutonde rw'ibipimo nk'uburemere bwa molekile, igipimo cyo gushonga, uburebure bw'umuvuduko wa Archimedes, ubukana bugaragara n'igipimo cy'umuvuduko (uburebure bw'imikorere/ubunini bw'urukuta rw'igice cya plastiki).
Uburemere buto bwa molekile, ikwirakwizwa rya molekile mu buryo bwagutse, imiterere mibi ya molekile, igipimo cyo gushonga kinini, uburebure burebure bw'uruziga, ubushyuhe buke bugaragara, igipimo cyo gusohoka kinini, ubushyuhe bwiza, pulasitiki ifite izina rimwe ry'igicuruzwa igomba gusuzuma amabwiriza yayo kugira ngo imenye niba ubushyuhe bwayo bukwiriye.
Dukurikije ibisabwa mu gushushanya ibihumyo, imiterere y'iplasitiki ikoreshwa cyane ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu:
Uburyo bwiza bwo kunyuramo PA, PE, PS, PP, CA, poly(4) methylpentene;
Ubushyuhe buringaniye bwa polystyrene series resin (nk'ABS, AS), PMMA, POM, polyphenylene ether;
PC idakora neza, PVC ikomeye, polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyarylsulfone, fluoroplastics.
2) Uburyo plastiki zitandukanye zihinduka bitewe n'ibintu bitandukanye bizihindura. Ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ni ibi bikurikira:
①Ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'ibikoresho byongera ubushyuhe, ariko pulasitiki zitandukanye zifite itandukaniro ryazo, nka PS (cyane cyane izifite uburinzi bukomeye ku ngaruka n'agaciro ka MFR kari hejuru), PP, PA, PMMA, polystyrene yahinduwe (nka ABS, AS). Ubushyuhe bwa, PC, CA n'izindi pulasitiki butandukana cyane bitewe n'ubushyuhe. Kuri PE na POM, kwiyongera cyangwa kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe bigira ingaruka nke ku bushyuhe bwazo. Kubwibyo, iya mbere igomba guhindura ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gushushanya kugira ngo igenzure ubushyuhe.
②Iyo igitutu cyo gushingwa mu buryo bw'inshinge cyiyongereye, ibikoresho bishongeshejwe birushaho kugira ingaruka nziza zo gukata, kandi ubushyuhe nabwo bukiyongera, cyane cyane ko PE na POM ari byo byoroshye kumva, bityo igitutu cyo gushingwa kigomba guhindurwa kugira ngo kigenzure ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gushingwa.
③Imiterere, ingano, imiterere, imiterere y’uburyo bwo gukonjesha bw’imiterere y’ibibumbano, uburyo ibibumbano bitonyanga bidashobora gutemba (nk’uko ubuso buhagaze, ubunini bw’igice cy’umuyoboro, imiterere y’aho bibohera, uburyo bwo gusohora umwuka) n’ibindi bintu bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bikoresho bibumbano biri mu mwobo. Uburyo nyabwo bwo gutemba imbere, niba ibikoresho bibumbano byazamuwe kugira ngo bigabanuke ubushyuhe kandi byongere uburyo bwo gutemba, uburyo bwo gutemba buzagabanuka. Mu gushushanya ibibumbano, hagomba gutoranywa imiterere ikwiye hakurikijwe uburyo pulasitiki ikoreshwa itonyanga.
Mu gihe cyo gushushanya, ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho, ubushyuhe bw'ibihumyo, umuvuduko w'inyo, umuvuduko w'inyo n'ibindi bintu nabyo bishobora kugenzurwa kugira ngo bihindure neza imiterere y'ibyuzuza kugira ngo bihuze n'ibikenewe mu gushushanya.
03
Ubuziranenge
Thermoplastics zishobora kugabanywamo pulasitiki zikozwe muri kristu n'izitari kristu (zizwi kandi nka amorphous) bitewe nuko zitagira kristu mu gihe cyo gushonga.
Icyitwa crystallization phenomenon yerekeza ku kuba iyo pulasitiki ihindutse kuva ku miterere y’ishongeshwa ikagera ku miterere y’ingufu, molekile zigenda ukwazo kandi zikaba mu miterere idasobanutse neza. Molekile zihagarara kugenda neza, zigakanda ahantu hadahinduka gato, kandi zikagira ubushake bwo gutuma imiterere ya molekile iba isanzwe. Iki kintu.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho mu gupima ubwo bwoko bubiri bwa pulasitiki bishobora kugenwa n'ubumuri bw'ibice bya pulasitiki bifite inkuta nini. Muri rusange, ibikoresho bya kristu ntibigaragara neza cyangwa birabagirana (nka POM, nibindi), kandi ibikoresho bidafite ishusho birabonerana (nka PMMA, nibindi). Ariko hari ibidasanzwe. Urugero, poly(4) methylpentene ni pulasitiki ya kristu ariko ifite ubumuri bwinshi, naho ABS ni ibikoresho bidafite ishusho ariko ntibibonerana.
Mu gihe ushushanya imashini zikora imashini zikoresha inshinge, witondere ibisabwa n'ingamba zikurikira ku birebana na pulasitiki zikozwe muri kristu:
Ubushyuhe bukenewe kugira ngo ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho bugere ku bushyuhe bwo gukora busaba ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi ibikoresho bifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukora plastike birakenewe.
Ubushyuhe bwinshi burarekurwa mu gihe cyo gukonjesha no kongera gukoreshwa, bityo bugomba gukonjeshwa bihagije.
Itandukaniro ryihariye hagati y’uburemere bw’ibintu byashongeshejwe n’uburemere bukomeye ni rinini, uburemere bw’ibintu bugabanuka ni bwinshi, kandi uburemere n’imyenge bikunze kubaho.
Ubukonje bwihuse, ubushyuhe buke, ubushyuhe buke no kubonana cyane. Ubushyuhe bw'ubushyuhe bufitanye isano n'ubugari bw'urukuta rw'igice cya pulasitiki, kandi ubugari bw'urukuta buratinda gukonja, ubushyuhe burakabije, ubushyuhe burakabije, kandi imiterere y'umubiri ni myiza. Kubwibyo, ubushyuhe bw'ibimera bya kristu bugomba kugenzurwa uko bikenewe.
Anisotropy ni ingenzi kandi stress y'imbere ni nini. Molekuli zidahinduka crystallized nyuma yo gushwanyuka zikunda gukomeza gushwanyuka, ziba ziri mu mimerere yo kudahuza ingufu, kandi zishobora guhinduka no kwangirika.
Ubushyuhe bwa crystallization ni buto, kandi biroroshye gutuma ibintu bidashongeshejwe bishyirwa mu ibumba cyangwa bigafunga aho ibiribwa bishyirwa.
04
Plasitiki zikoresha ubushyuhe n'iplasitiki zikoresha amazi byoroshye
1) Uburyo bwo gupima ubushyuhe bivuze ko zimwe muri pulasitiki zishobora kwitwara neza ku bushyuhe. Zishyushywa igihe kirekire ku bushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa igice cyo gufunguramo ibiryo kikaba gito cyane. Iyo ingaruka zo gukata ari nyinshi, ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho buziyongera byoroshye bigatuma ibara rihinduka, kwangirika no kubora. Plastike iranga pulasitiki yitwa pulasitiki ishobora kwitwara neza ku bushyuhe.
Nka PVC ikomeye, polyvinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate copolymer, POM, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, nibindi. Plastike zikoresha ubushyuhe zikora monomer, gaze, ibintu bikomeye n'ibindi bikomokaho mu gihe cyo kubora. By'umwihariko, imyuka imwe ibora igira ingaruka mbi, zangiza cyangwa z'uburozi ku mubiri w'umuntu, ibikoresho, n'ibihumyo.
Kubwibyo, hakwiye kwitabwaho imiterere y'ibihumyo, guhitamo imashini zikoresha inshinge no gushushanya. Hakwiye gukoreshwa imashini ikoresha inshinge. Igice cy'uburyo bwo gusukamo kigomba kuba kinini. Ibihumyo n'umuyoboro bigomba kuba bitwikiriwe na chrome. Shyiramo sitabilizeri kugira ngo ubushyuhe bugabanuke.
2) Nubwo zimwe muri pulasitiki (nka PC) zaba zirimo amazi make, zirabora bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko mwinshi. Iyi miterere yitwa hydrolysis yoroshye, igomba gushyushya no kumyuka mbere y'igihe.
05
Gucikagurika kw'imihangayiko no gushonga kw'imitsi
1) Amwe mu mapulasitiki ashobora kwangirika bitewe n'imihangayiko. Akunda kwangirika imbere mu gihe cyo gucura kandi arashobora kwangirika no kwangirika byoroshye. Ibice bya pulasitiki bizacika bitewe n'imbaraga zo hanze cyangwa solvent.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, uretse kongeramo inyongeramusaruro ku bikoresho fatizo kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’imivuniko, hakwiye kwitabwaho ku kumisha ibikoresho fatizo, kandi imiterere y’aho bibumba igomba gutoranywa mu buryo bukwiye kugira ngo bigabanye imbaraga zo imbere no kongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’imivuniko. Kandi niba uhisemo imiterere ikwiye y’ibice bya pulasitiki, ntibikwiye gushyiraho ibikoresho byo gushyiramo n’ibindi bipimo kugira ngo bigabanye imbaraga zo guhangana n’imivuniko.
Mu gushushanya ibumba, inguni yo gukuraho ibumba igomba kongerwa, kandi hagatoranywa uburyo bwo kwinjiza no gusohora amazi bukwiye. Ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho, ubushyuhe bw'ibumba, umuvuduko wo gutera n'igihe cyo gukonjesha bigomba guhindurwa neza mu gihe cyo gushushanya, kandi ugerageze kwirinda gukuraho ibumba iyo igice cya pulasitiki gikonje cyane kandi cyangiritse. Nyuma yo gushushanya, ibice bya pulasitiki bigomba kandi gukorerwaho isuzuma nyuma yo kuvurwa kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imyanda, gukuraho umuvuduko w'imbere mu mubiri no kubuza ko habaho imiti isukura.
2) Iyo polimeri ishongeshejwe ifite igipimo runaka cy’amazi ashongeshejwe inyura mu mwobo w’amazi ku bushyuhe buhoraho kandi igipimo cyayo cy’amazi kikarenga agaciro runaka, imyenge igaragara ku ruhande rw’amazi ashongeshejwe yitwa fracture ishongeshejwe, byangiza imiterere n’imiterere y’igice cya pulasitiki. Kubwibyo, iyo uhisemo polimeri zifite igipimo kinini cy’amazi ashongeshejwe, igice cy’amazi ashongeshejwe, igice cy’amazi ashongeshejwe, n’aho afungurirwa bigomba kongerwa kugira ngo bigabanye umuvuduko wo guterwa no kongera ubushyuhe bw’ibikoresho.
06
Imikorere y'ubushyuhe n'igipimo cyo gukonjesha
1) Plastike zitandukanye zifite imiterere itandukanye y'ubushyuhe nko gushyuha byihariye, uburyo bwo gutwara ubushyuhe, n'ubushyuhe bwo guhindura ubushyuhe. Gushyira plastike mu bushyuhe bwinshi bisaba ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi hagomba gukoreshwa imashini itera plastike ifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo guhindura ubushyuhe. Igihe cyo gukonjesha cya plastike gifite ubushyuhe bwinshi gishobora kuba gito kandi gukuraho ubushyuhe ni kare, ariko guhindagurika k'ubukonje bigomba kwirindwa nyuma yo gukuraho ubushyuhe.
Plasitiki zifite ubushyuhe buke zifite umuvuduko wo gukonjesha buhoro (nk'amapolimeri ya ioni, n'ibindi), bityo zigomba gukonjeshwa bihagije kugira ngo zongere ubukonje bw'ibumba. Ibumba zishyushye zikwiriye pulasitiki zifite ubushyuhe buke n'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Plasitiki zifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushyuhe buke, ubushyuhe buke bwo guhindagurika, n'umuvuduko wo gukonjesha buhoro ntabwo zifasha mu gukonjesha kwihuta cyane. Hagomba gutoranywa imashini zikoreshwa mu gukonjesha zikoresheje inshinge n'ubukonje burushijeho kwiyongera bw'ibumba.
2) Plastike zitandukanye zirasabwa kugira ngo zigumane igipimo gikwiye cyo gukonjesha hakurikijwe ubwoko bwazo, imiterere yazo n'imiterere y'ibice bya pulasitiki. Kubwibyo, ibumba rigomba kuba rifite uburyo bwo gushyushya no gukonjesha hakurikijwe ibisabwa kugira ngo rigumane ubushyuhe runaka bw'ibumba. Iyo ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho byongera ubushyuhe bw'ibumba, rigomba gukonjeshwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko igice cya pulasitiki cyangirika nyuma yo gushwanyagurika, kugabanya igihe cyo gushushanya, no kugabanya ubukana bw'ibumba.
Iyo ubushyuhe bw'imyanda ya pulasitiki budahagije kugira ngo ifumbire igume ku bushyuhe runaka, ifumbire igomba gushyirwaho uburyo bwo gushyushya kugira ngo ifumbire igume ku bushyuhe runaka kugira ngo igenzure umuvuduko w'ubukonje, irebe ko amazi ahinduka, irusheho kuzuza neza cyangwa igenzure ibice bya pulasitiki kugira ngo bikonje buhoro buhoro. Irinde ko ubukonje budahagije imbere no hanze y'ibice bya pulasitiki binini kandi wongere ubwiza bwa kristali.
Ku bantu bafite ubushyuhe bwiza, ubuso bunini bwo gushushanya, n'ubushyuhe budahuje, bitewe n'imiterere y'ibice bya pulasitiki, rimwe na rimwe bisaba gushyushya cyangwa gukonjeshwa mu buryo bunyuranye cyangwa gushyushya no gukonjeshwa mu gace runaka. Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, ibumba rigomba gushyirwaho uburyo bujyanye no gukonjesha cyangwa gushyushya.
07
Hygroscopicity
Kubera ko hari ibintu bitandukanye byongerwamo muri pulasitiki, bituma zigira urwego rutandukanye rw'ubushuhe, pulasitiki zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: uburyo bwo kwinjiza ubushuhe, uburyo bwo gufata ubushuhe, n'uburyo butafata ubushuhe n'uburyo butafata. Amazi ari mu bikoresho agomba kugenzurwa mu rugero rwemewe. Bitabaye ibyo, ubushuhe buzahinduka gaze cyangwa hydrolyze mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko mwinshi, bizatuma resin ifuro, igabanye ubushuhe, kandi igire imiterere mibi n'imikorere mibi ya mekanike.
Bityo rero, plastiki zikozwe muri hygroscopic zigomba gushyuha hakoreshejwe uburyo bukwiye bwo gushyushya n'ibipimo bisabwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko ubushuhe bwongera kwinjiza mu gihe cyo gukoresha.
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Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 27 Nzeri 2021