Gabatarwa: Gina allurar rigakafi ita ce babbar hanyar da ake bi wajen yin kayan kwalliya. Tsarin farko sau da yawa shine gina allurar rigakafi, wanda ke tantance ingancin samfur da yawan aiki kai tsaye. Tsarin tsarin gina allurar yakamata ya yi la'akari da abubuwa 7 kamar raguwa, ruwa, lu'ulu'u, robobi masu saurin kamuwa da zafi da robobi masu sauƙin hydrolyzed, fashewar damuwa da narkewa, aikin zafi da saurin sanyaya, da kuma sha danshi. Wannan labarin an rubuta shi ne ta hanyarkunshin bakan gizo na shanghaiRaba abubuwan da suka dace na waɗannan abubuwa 7, don ambaton abokanka a cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta Youpin:
Allura gyare-gyare
Gina allurar, wanda aka fi sani da gyaran allurar, hanya ce ta gyaran allurar da ta haɗu da allura da gyaran allurar. Fa'idodin hanyar gyaran allurar sune saurin samarwa, inganci mai yawa, ana iya sarrafa ta atomatik, launuka iri-iri, siffofi na iya zama daga sauƙi zuwa rikitarwa, girma na iya zama daga babba zuwa ƙarami, kuma girman samfurin daidai ne, samfurin yana da sauƙin sabuntawa, kuma ana iya yin shi zuwa siffofi masu rikitarwa. Sassan da gyaran allurar sun dace da samar da taro da sarrafa gyare-gyare kamar samfuran da ke da siffofi masu rikitarwa. A wani zafin jiki, ana motsa kayan filastik da aka narke gaba ɗaya ta hanyar sukurori, a saka su cikin ramin mold tare da matsin lamba mai yawa, sannan a sanyaya su kuma a ƙarfafa su don samun samfurin da aka ƙera. Wannan hanyar ta dace da samar da sassa masu siffofi masu rikitarwa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin sarrafawa.
01
Ragewa
Abubuwan da ke shafar raguwar tsarin gyaran thermoplastic sune kamar haka:
1) Nau'in filastik: A lokacin gyaran filastik na thermoplastic, har yanzu akwai canje-canje a girma da ke faruwa sakamakon crystallization, matsin lamba mai ƙarfi a cikin ciki, babban matsin lamba da aka daskare a cikin sassan filastik, yanayin kwayoyin halitta mai ƙarfi da sauran abubuwa, don haka idan aka kwatanta da filastik na thermoset, ƙimar raguwa ya fi girma, kewayon raguwa yana da faɗi, kuma alkiblar a bayyane take. Bugu da ƙari, raguwar raguwa bayan ƙera, annealing ko yanayin zafi gabaɗaya ya fi na filastik na thermosetting girma.
2) Halayen ɓangaren filastik. Lokacin da abin da aka narkar ya taɓa saman ramin, ana sanyaya saman nan take don samar da harsashi mai ƙarfi mai ƙarancin yawa. Saboda rashin kyawun yanayin zafi na filastik, ana sanyaya saman ɓangaren filastik a hankali don samar da Layer mai ƙarfi mai yawa tare da babban raguwa. Saboda haka, kauri bango, sanyaya a hankali, da kauri Layer mai yawa za su ƙara raguwa.
Bugu da ƙari, kasancewar ko rashin kayan da aka saka da kuma tsarin da adadin kayan da aka saka suna shafar alkiblar kwararar kayan, rarrabawar yawa da kuma juriyar raguwa. Saboda haka, halayen sassan filastik suna da tasiri mafi girma akan raguwa da kuma alkibla.
3) Abubuwa kamar siffar, girma, da kuma rarrabawar hanyar shigar abinci kai tsaye suna shafar alkiblar kwararar abu, rarrabawa da yawa, kiyayewa da rage tasirin matsi da kuma lokacin ƙera shi. Tashoshin ciyarwa kai tsaye da tashoshin ciyarwa tare da manyan sassan giciye (musamman sassan giciye masu kauri) suna da ƙarancin raguwa amma suna da babban aiki, kuma gajerun tashoshin ciyarwa tare da gajerun faɗi da tsayi suna da ƙarancin aiki kai tsaye. Waɗanda ke kusa da hanyar shigar abinci ko kuma suna daidai da alkiblar kwararar abu za su ƙara raguwa.
4) Yanayin Gyaran Modulation Zafin mod yana da yawa, narkakken abu yana sanyaya a hankali, yawansa yana da yawa, kuma raguwar yana da girma. Musamman ga kayan lu'ulu'u, raguwar ya fi girma saboda yawan lu'ulu'u da canje-canjen girma. Rarraba zafin mod shima yana da alaƙa da sanyaya na ciki da waje da daidaiton yawan ruwan da ke cikin filastik, wanda ke shafar girman da alkiblar raguwar kowanne sashi.
Bugu da ƙari, matsi na riƙewa da lokaci suma suna da tasiri mai yawa akan matsi, kuma matsi yana da ƙanƙanta amma alkiblar ta fi girma idan matsi ya yi yawa kuma lokacin yana da tsawo. Matsi na allura yana da girma, bambancin danko na narkewa ƙarami ne, matsin lamba na yanke tsakanin layukan yana da ƙanƙanta, kuma sake dawowar roba bayan rushewa yana da girma, don haka ma raguwar ta fi dacewa. Zafin kayan yana da yawa, raguwar ta fi girma, amma alkiblar ta fi ƙanƙanta. Saboda haka, daidaita zafin mold, matsin lamba, saurin allura da lokacin sanyaya yayin ƙera shi ma zai iya canza raguwar ɓangaren filastik yadda ya kamata.
Lokacin tsara ƙirar, bisa ga kewayon raguwar robobi daban-daban, kauri da siffar bangon ɓangaren filastik, girma da rarrabawar sifar shiga, ana ƙayyade ƙimar raguwar kowane ɓangare na ɓangaren filastik bisa ga gogewa, sannan a ƙididdige girman ramin.
Ga sassan filastik masu inganci da kuma lokacin da yake da wuya a fahimci ƙimar raguwa, ya kamata a yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin don tsara ƙirar:
A ɗauki ƙaramin ƙimar raguwa don diamita na waje na ɓangaren filastik, da kuma babban ƙimar raguwa don diamita na ciki, don barin sarari don gyara bayan gwajin mold.
Gwaje-gwajen ƙira suna ƙayyade siffar, girma da yanayin ƙera tsarin ƙofa.
Ana yin aikin gyaran sassan filastik bayan an gama sarrafa su don tantance canjin girman (aunawa dole ne ta kasance awanni 24 bayan an gama rushewa).
Gyara mold ɗin bisa ga ainihin raguwar.
Sake gwada mold ɗin kuma canza yanayin aikin yadda ya kamata don ɗan gyara ƙimar raguwa don biyan buƙatun ɓangaren filastik.
02
ruwa mai yawa
1) Gabaɗaya ana iya nazarin yawan ruwan thermoplastics daga jerin fihirisa kamar nauyin kwayoyin halitta, ma'aunin narkewa, tsawon kwararar karkace ta Archimedes, ɗanko a bayyane da rabon kwarara (tsawon tsari/kauri na bango na filastik).
Ƙaramin nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta, faɗin rarraba nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta, rashin daidaiton tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta, babban ma'aunin narkewa, tsawon kwararar karkace mai tsawo, ƙarancin ɗanko a bayyane, babban rabon kwarara, kyakkyawan ruwa, robobi masu suna iri ɗaya dole ne su duba umarnin su don tantance ko ruwan su ya dace. Don ƙera allura.
Dangane da buƙatun ƙira na mold, za a iya raba ruwan robobi da ake amfani da su zuwa rukuni uku:
Kyakkyawan ruwa PA, PE, PS, PP, CA, poly(4) methylpentene;
Matsakaicin ruwa mai ƙarfi Resin jerin Polystyrene (kamar ABS, AS), PMMA, POM, polyphenylene ether;
Rashin kyawun ruwa na PC, PVC mai tauri, polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyarylsulfone, fluoroplastics.
2) Ruwan robobi daban-daban yana canzawa saboda dalilai daban-daban na ƙera su. Manyan abubuwan da ke tasiri sune kamar haka:
①Zafin abu mai yawa yana ƙara yawan ruwa, amma robobi daban-daban suna da nasu bambance-bambance, kamar PS (musamman waɗanda ke da juriya mai ƙarfi da ƙimar MFR mafi girma), PP, PA, PMMA, polystyrene da aka gyara (kamar ABS, AS). Ruwan PC, CA da sauran robobi ya bambanta sosai dangane da zafin jiki. Ga PE da POM, ƙaruwa ko raguwar zafin jiki ba shi da tasiri sosai akan ruwan su. Saboda haka, na farko ya kamata ya daidaita zafin jiki yayin ƙera don sarrafa ruwan.
②Lokacin da matsin lamba na ƙera allura ya ƙaru, kayan da aka narke suna fuskantar ƙarin tasirin yankewa, kuma ruwan kuma yana ƙaruwa, musamman PE da POM sun fi saurin amsawa, don haka ya kamata a daidaita matsin lamba na allurar don sarrafa ruwan yayin ƙera.
③Siffa, girma, tsari, tsarin sanyaya tsarin tsarin mold, juriyar kwararar kayan narkakken (kamar kammala saman, kauri na sashen tashar, siffar rami, tsarin shaye-shaye) da sauran abubuwa kai tsaye suna shafar kayan narkakken a cikin ramin. Ainihin ruwan da ke ciki, idan an haɓaka kayan narkakken don rage zafin jiki da ƙara juriyar ruwa, ruwan zai ragu. Lokacin tsara mold ɗin, ya kamata a zaɓi tsari mai ma'ana bisa ga ruwan da filastik ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi.
A lokacin ƙera, ana iya sarrafa zafin kayan, zafin mold, matsin lamba na allura, saurin allura da sauran abubuwa don daidaita yanayin cikawa yadda ya kamata don biyan buƙatun ƙera.
03
Ƙirgaggun lu'ulu'u
Ana iya raba thermoplastics zuwa robobi masu lu'ulu'u da kuma robobi marasa lu'ulu'u (wanda kuma aka sani da amorphous) bisa ga rashin lu'ulu'unsu yayin da ake daskare su.
Abin da ake kira lu'ulu'u yana nufin gaskiyar cewa lokacin da filastik ya canza daga yanayin narkewa zuwa yanayin danshi, ƙwayoyin suna motsawa daban-daban kuma suna cikin yanayi mara tsari. Kwayoyin suna daina motsi cikin 'yanci, suna dannawa a ɗan tsayayyen matsayi, kuma suna da halin sanya tsarin kwayoyin halitta ya zama samfurin yau da kullun. Wannan lamari.
Ana iya tantance sharuɗɗan bayyanar waɗannan nau'ikan robobi guda biyu ta hanyar bayyananniya na sassan robobi masu kauri. Gabaɗaya, kayan lu'ulu'u ba su da haske ko kuma ba su da haske (kamar POM, da sauransu), kuma kayan amorphous ba su da haske (kamar PMMA, da sauransu). Amma akwai keɓancewa. Misali, poly(4) methylpentene filastik ne mai lu'ulu'u amma yana da babban haske, kuma ABS abu ne mai rashin haske amma ba mai haske ba.
Lokacin ƙirƙirar molds da zaɓar injunan ƙera allura, kula da waɗannan buƙatu da matakan kariya ga robobi masu lu'ulu'u:
Zafin da ake buƙata don ɗaga zafin kayan zuwa zafin da aka samar yana buƙatar zafi mai yawa, kuma ana buƙatar kayan aiki masu ƙarfin plasticization mai yawa.
Ana fitar da zafi mai yawa yayin sanyaya da sake juyawa, don haka dole ne a sanyaya shi yadda ya kamata.
Bambancin nauyi tsakanin yanayin narkewa da yanayin ƙarfi yana da girma, raguwar ƙirar yana da girma, kuma raguwa da ramuka suna da saurin faruwa.
Sanyaya da sauri, ƙarancin lu'ulu'u, ƙaramin raguwa da kuma babban haske. Lu'ulu'u yana da alaƙa da kauri na bangon ɓangaren filastik, kuma kauri na bango yana da jinkirin sanyaya, lu'ulu'u yana da yawa, raguwar yana da girma, kuma halayen jiki suna da kyau. Saboda haka, dole ne a sarrafa zafin mold na kayan lu'ulu'u kamar yadda ake buƙata.
Anisotropy yana da mahimmanci kuma damuwa ta ciki tana da girma. Kwayoyin da ba a yi lu'ulu'u ba bayan rushewa suna da halin ci gaba da yin lu'ulu'u, suna cikin yanayin rashin daidaiton kuzari, kuma suna iya fuskantar nakasa da warpage.
Yanayin zafin kristal ɗin yana da kunkuntar, kuma yana da sauƙi a sa kayan da ba a narke ba a saka su cikin mold ko kuma a toshe tashar ciyarwa.
04
Roba masu saurin jure zafi da robobi masu sauƙin jure ruwa
1) Ra'ayin zafi yana nufin cewa wasu robobi suna da saurin kamuwa da zafi. Za a daɗa musu zafi na dogon lokaci a yanayin zafi mai yawa ko kuma ɓangaren buɗewar abinci ya yi ƙanƙanta. Idan tasirin yankewa ya yi yawa, zafin kayan zai ƙaru cikin sauƙi don haifar da sauye-sauyen launi, lalacewa da ruɓewa. Ana kiran wannan siffa ta filastik mai saurin kamuwa da zafi.
Kamar PVC mai tauri, polyvinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate copolymer, POM, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, da sauransu. Roba masu saurin kamuwa da zafi suna samar da monomers, gas, daskararru da sauran kayayyakin da suka lalace yayin ruɓewa. Musamman ma, wasu iskar gas masu ruɓewa suna da tasirin haushi, lalata ko guba ga jikin ɗan adam, kayan aiki, da molds.
Saboda haka, ya kamata a kula da ƙirar mold, zaɓin injin ƙera allura da kuma ƙera shi. Ya kamata a yi amfani da injin ƙera sukurori. Ya kamata ɓangaren tsarin ɗebo ya zama babba. Ya kamata ƙera da ganga su kasance masu chrome. Ƙara mai daidaita yanayin zafi don rage ƙarfinsa.
2) Ko da wasu robobi (kamar PC) suna ɗauke da ƙaramin adadin ruwa, za su ruɓe a ƙarƙashin zafi mai yawa da matsin lamba mai yawa. Ana kiran wannan siffa mai sauƙi hydrolysis, wanda dole ne a dumama shi kuma a busar da shi kafin lokaci.
05
Fashewar damuwa da kuma narkewar karyewa
1) Wasu robobi suna da saurin kamuwa da damuwa. Suna da saurin kamuwa da damuwa ta ciki yayin ƙera su kuma suna da rauni kuma suna da sauƙin fashewa. Sassan robobi za su fashe ƙarƙashin tasirin ƙarfin waje ko narkewar ruwa.
Saboda wannan dalili, baya ga ƙara ƙarin abubuwa a cikin kayan don inganta juriyar tsagewa, ya kamata a mai da hankali kan busar da kayan, kuma ya kamata a zaɓi yanayin ƙera su yadda ya kamata don rage damuwa ta ciki da ƙara juriyar tsagewa. Kuma idan ya kamata a zaɓi siffar da ta dace ta sassan filastik, bai dace a sanya abubuwan sakawa da sauran matakan rage yawan damuwa ba.
Lokacin tsara mold ɗin, ya kamata a ƙara kusurwar rushewa, sannan a zaɓi hanyar shigar abinci da fitar da ruwa mai dacewa. Ya kamata a daidaita zafin kayan, zafin mold, matsin lamba na allura da lokacin sanyaya yadda ya kamata yayin ƙera shi, sannan a yi ƙoƙarin guje wa rushewa lokacin da ɓangaren filastik ɗin ya yi sanyi sosai kuma ya yi rauni. Bayan ƙera shi, ya kamata a yi wa sassan filastik ɗin magani bayan an yi musu magani don inganta juriyar fashewa, kawar da damuwa ta ciki da kuma hana hulɗa da masu narkewa.
2) Idan narkewar polymer tare da wani saurin narkewar narkewa ya ratsa ta cikin ramin bututun a yanayin zafi mai ɗorewa kuma saurin kwararar sa ya wuce wani ƙima, ana kiran fashewar gefe a bayyane a saman narkewar narkewar, wanda zai lalata bayyanar da halayen jiki na ɓangaren filastik. Saboda haka, lokacin zaɓar polymers masu yawan kwararar narkewar narkewa, ya kamata a ƙara sashin bututun, mai gudu, da buɗewar abinci don rage saurin allura da ƙara zafin kayan.
06
Aikin zafi da kuma saurin sanyaya
1) Robobi daban-daban suna da halaye daban-daban na zafi kamar takamaiman zafi, ƙarfin wutar lantarki, da zafin wutar da ke gurbata zafi. Yin robobi tare da babban zafi yana buƙatar zafi mai yawa, kuma ya kamata a yi amfani da injin ƙera allura mai babban ƙarfin robobi. Lokacin sanyaya filastik tare da babban zafin wutar da ke gurbata zafi na iya zama gajere kuma rushewar yana da wuri, amma ya kamata a hana lalacewar sanyaya bayan rushewa.
Robalan da ke da ƙarancin ƙarfin zafi suna da saurin sanyaya a hankali (kamar polymers na ionic, da sauransu), don haka dole ne a sanyaya su sosai don haɓaka tasirin sanyaya na mold. Molds masu zafi sun dace da robobi masu ƙarancin zafi da kuma ƙarfin juriyar zafi mai yawa. Robobin da ke da babban zafi, ƙarancin ƙarfin juriyar zafi, ƙarancin zafin canjin zafi, da kuma saurin sanyaya a hankali ba sa taimakawa wajen yin gyaggyara mai sauri. Dole ne a zaɓi injunan gyaggyara masu dacewa da kuma ingantaccen sanyaya mold.
2) Ana buƙatar robobi daban-daban don kiyaye saurin sanyaya daidai gwargwadon nau'ikan su, halaye da sifofin sassan filastik. Saboda haka, dole ne a sanya mold ɗin da tsarin dumama da sanyaya bisa ga buƙatun mold don kiyaye wani zafin mold. Lokacin da zafin kayan ya ƙara zafin mold, ya kamata a sanyaya shi don hana ɓangaren filastik ya lalace bayan rushewa, rage zagayowar mold, da rage lu'ulu'u.
Idan zafin sharar filastik bai isa ya ajiye mold ɗin a wani zafin jiki ba, ya kamata mold ɗin ya kasance yana da tsarin dumama don kiyaye mold ɗin a wani zafin jiki don sarrafa saurin sanyaya, tabbatar da ruwa, inganta yanayin cikawa ko sarrafa sassan filastik don sanyaya a hankali. Hana sanyaya mara daidaito a ciki da wajen sassan filastik masu kauri da kuma ƙara yawan lu'ulu'u.
Ga waɗanda ke da isasshen ruwa, babban yanki na ƙera, da kuma yanayin zafi mara daidaito, ya danganta da yanayin ƙera sassan filastik, wani lokacin yana buƙatar a dumama shi ko a sanyaya shi ta wata hanya ko kuma a dumama shi a gida a sanyaya shi. Don haka, ya kamata a sanya masa tsarin sanyaya ko dumama da ya dace.
07
Hygroscopicity
Saboda akwai ƙarin abubuwa daban-daban a cikin robobi, wanda ke sa su sami matakai daban-daban na kusanci ga danshi, ana iya raba robobi zuwa nau'i biyu: sha danshi, mannewa danshi, da rashin sha da kuma danshi mara mannewa. Dole ne a sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa a cikin kayan a cikin iyakar da aka yarda. In ba haka ba, danshi zai zama iskar gas ko hydrolyze a ƙarƙashin zafi mai yawa da matsin lamba mai yawa, wanda zai sa resin ya kumfa, ya rage ruwa, kuma yana da mummunan kamanni da halayen injiniya.
Saboda haka, dole ne a sanya robobi masu hygroscopic a cikin wuta tare da hanyoyin dumama da ƙayyadaddun bayanai masu dacewa kamar yadda ake buƙata don hana sake shan danshi yayin amfani.
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Lokacin Saƙo: Satumba-27-2021