Kupu Whakataki: Ko te werohanga te tukanga matua i roto i ngā rauemi tākai whakapaipai. Ko te tukanga tuatahi ko te werohanga, e whakatau tika ana i te kounga me te hua o te hua. Me whai whakaaro te whakatakotoranga o te tukanga werohanga ki ngā āhuatanga e whitu pēnei i te whakahekenga, te rere, te tioata, ngā kirihou tairongo wera me ngā kirihou ngāwari te waikura, te pakaru ahotea me te pakaru rewa, te mahi wera me te tere whakamatao, me te mimiti makuku. Nāmōkihi āniwaniwa o Shanghai. Tohaina ngā ihirangi e tika ana mō ēnei āhuatanga e whitu, hei tohutoro mā ō hoa i roto i te mekameka tuku o Youpin:
Te whakakoi werohanga
Ko te werohanga werohanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te werohanga werohanga, he tikanga werohanga e whakakotahi ana i te werohanga me te werohanga. Ko ngā painga o te tikanga werohanga werohanga ko te tere o te whakaputa, te tino pai o te mahi, ka taea te whakahaere aunoa, he maha ngā tae, ka taea te hanga i ngā āhua mai i te māmā ki te uaua, ka taea te rahi mai i te rahi ki te iti, ā, he tika te rahi o te hua, he ngāwari te whakahou i te hua, ā, ka taea te hanga hei āhua uaua. He pai ngā wāhanga me te werohanga werohanga mō te whakaputa papatipu me ngā mara tukatuka werohanga pēnei i ngā hua he āhua uaua. I tētahi pāmahana, ka whakaohokia te rauemi kirihou kua rewa katoa e te tīwiri, ka werohia ki roto i te kōhao pokepokea me te pēhanga teitei, ā, ka whakamataohia, ka whakapakeketia kia puta he hua kua werohangahia. He pai tēnei tikanga mō te whakaputa papatipu o ngā wāhanga he āhua uaua, ā, ko tētahi o ngā tikanga tukatuka nui.
01
Te whakahekenga
Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te mimiti o te whakahāngai kirihou wera ko ēnei e whai ake nei:
1) Ngā momo kirihou: I roto i te tukanga whakahāngai o ngā kirihou thermoplastic, kei te kitea tonu ngā huringa rōrahi e puta mai ana i te whakatiotanga, te ahotea ā-roto kaha, te ahotea toenga nui kua tio i roto i ngā wāhanga kirihou, te aronga ngota kaha me ētahi atu āhuatanga, nō reira, ki te whakatauritea ki ngā kirihou thermoset, he nui ake te tere whakaheke, he whānui te awhe whakaheke, ā, he mārama te ahunga. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakaheke i muri i te whakahāngai, te whakamahana, te whakatikatika haumākū rānei he nui ake i ērā o ngā kirihou thermoset.
2) Ngā āhuatanga o te wāhanga kirihou. Ina pā te rauemi rewa ki te mata o te kōhao, ka whakamatao tonutia te paparanga o waho kia puta he anga totoka iti te matotoru. Nā te ngoikore o te kawe wera o te kirihou, ka whakamatao mārire te paparanga o roto o te wāhanga kirihou kia puta he paparanga totoka nui te matotoru me te nui o te mimiti. Nō reira, ka nui ake te mimiti o te matotoru o te pakitara, te puhoi o te whakamatao, me te matotoru o te paparanga nui te matotoru.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te aroaro, te ngaro rānei o ngā whakaurunga me te whakatakotoranga me te rahinga o ngā whakaurunga ka pā tika ki te ahunga o te rere o ngā rauemi, te tohatoha mātotoru me te ātete ki te mimiti. Nō reira, he nui ake te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o ngā wāhanga kirihou ki te mimiti me te ahunga.
3) Ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te āhua, te rahi, me te tohatoha o te tomokanga whāngai ka pā tika ki te ahunga o te rere o ngā rauemi, te tohatoha kiato, te pupuri pēhanga me te pānga whakaiti me te wā whakapūtanga. Ko ngā putanga whāngai tika me ngā putanga whāngai he nui ngā wāhanga whakawhiti (ina koa ko ngā wāhanga whakawhiti matotoru) he iti ake te whakaiti engari he nui ake te ahunga, ā, ko ngā putanga whāngai poto ake he poto ake te whānui me te roa he iti ake te ahunga. Ko ngā mea e tata ana ki te tomokanga whāngai, e whakarara ana rānei ki te ahunga o te rere o ngā rauemi ka nui ake te whakaiti.
4) Ngā āhuatanga o te whakapūtanga He teitei te pāmahana o te whakapūtanga, he puhoi te whakamatao o te rauemi rewa, he teitei te mātotoru, ā, he nui te mimiti. Ina koa mō te rauemi tioata, he nui ake te mimiti nā te nui o te tioata me ngā huringa nui o te rōrahi. E pā ana hoki te tohatoha pāmahana o te whakapūtanga ki te whakamatao ā-roto, ā-waho hoki me te ōritetanga o te mātotoru o te wāhanga kirihou, e pā tika ana ki te rahi me te ahunga o te mimiti o ia wāhanga.
Hei tāpiritanga, he nui ake te pānga o te pupuri i te pēhanga me te wā ki te whakahekenga, ā, he iti ake te whakahekenga engari he nui ake te ahunga ina teitei te pēhanga, ā, he roa te wā. He teitei te pēhanga werohanga, he iti te rerekētanga o te matotoru rewa, he iti te ahotea kutikuti i waenga i ngā paparanga, ā, he nui te hoki whakamuri i muri i te tangohanga, nō reira ka taea hoki te whakaiti i te whakahekenga mā te nui e tika ana. He teitei te pāmahana rauemi, he nui te whakahekenga, engari he iti te ahunga. Nō reira, mā te whakarerekē i te pāmahana pokepokea ai, te pēhanga, te tere werohanga me te wā whakamatao i te wā e hangaia ana ka taea hoki te whakarerekē tika i te whakahekenga o te wāhanga kirihou.
I te hoahoa i te pokepokea ai, e ai ki te whānuitanga whakahekenga o ngā momo kirihou, te matotoru me te āhua o te pakitara o te wāhanga kirihou, te rahi me te tohatoha o te āhua tomo, me te tere whakahekenga o ia wāhanga o te wāhanga kirihou e ai ki te wheako, kātahi ka tatauhia te rahi o te kōhao.
Mō ngā wāhanga kirihou tino tika, ā, ina uaua ki te hopu i te tere whakaheke, ko ēnei tikanga te tikanga matua hei hoahoa i te pokepokea ai:
Tangohia he tere whakaiti iti ake mō te diameter o waho o te wāhanga kirihou, me te tere whakaiti nui ake mō te diameter o roto, kia wātea ai he wāhi mō te whakatikatika i muri i te pokepokea whakamātautau.
Mā ngā pokepokea whakamātautau e whakatau te āhua, te rahi me ngā āhuatanga pokepokea o te pūnaha kuaha.
Ko ngā wāhanga kirihou hei tukatuka-muri ka tukatukahia kia kitea ai te panonitanga o te rahi (me ine i roto i ngā hāora 24 i muri i te tangohanga).
Whakatikahia te pokepokea ai kia rite ki te whakahekenga tuturu.
Whakamātauria anō te pokepokea ai, ka whakarerekē tika i ngā tikanga o te tukanga kia paku whakarerekētia te uara whakahekenga kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o te wāhanga kirihou.
02
te rere o te wai
1) Ko te rere o ngā kirihou wera ka taea te tātari i te rere o ngā kirihou mai i tētahi raupapa o ngā taupū pēnei i te taumaha ngota ngota, te taupū rewa, te roa o te rere porowhita a Archimedes, te matotoru āhua me te ōwehenga rere (te roa o te tukanga/te matotoru o te pakitara wāhanga kirihou).
He iti te taumaha ngota ngota, he whānui te tohatoha taumaha ngota ngota, he ngoikore te auau o te hanganga ngota ngota, he teitei te taupū rewa, he roa te rere porowhita, he iti te matotoru kitea, he teitei te ōwehenga rere, he pai te rere, me tirotiro e ngā kirihou he rite te ingoa hua ā rātou tohutohu kia mōhio ai mēnā e tika ana te rere mō te hanga werohanga.
E ai ki ngā whakaritenga hoahoa pokepokea ai, ka taea te wehewehe i te rere o ngā kirihou e whakamahia whānuitia ana kia toru ngā wāhanga:
He pai te rere o te PA, PE, PS, PP, CA, poly(4) methylpentene;
Te rere o te kapia raupapa Polystyrene (pērā i te ABS, AS), PMMA, POM, polyphenylene ether;
Kāore i te tino rere te PC, te PVC mārō, te polyphenylene ether, te polysulfone, te polyarylsulfone, ngā kirihou fluoro.
2) Ka rerekē anō hoki te rere o ngā kirihou nā ngā āhuatanga hanga rerekē. Ko ngā āhuatanga matua e whai ake nei:
①Ka piki ake te rere o te rauemi i te pāmahana teitei ake, engari he rerekētanga anō ō ngā kirihou rerekē, pērā i te PS (ina koa ko ērā he ātete pānga teitei me te uara MFR teitei ake), PP, PA, PMMA, polystyrene kua whakarerekētia (pērā i te ABS, AS). Ka rerekē te rere o te PC, CA me ētahi atu kirihou i runga i te pāmahana. Mō te PE me te POM, he iti noa te pānga o te pikinga, te hekenga rānei o te pāmahana ki tō rātou rere. Nō reira, me whakarerekē te tuatahi i te pāmahana i te wā e hangaia ana hei whakahaere i te rere.
②Ina whakanuia te pēhanga o te whakahāngai werohanga, ka nui ake te pānga kutikuti o te rauemi rewa, ā, ka piki ake hoki te rere o te wai, inā koa he tairongo ake te PE me te POM, nō reira me whakarerekē te pēhanga werohanga kia whakahaere i te rere o te wai i te wā e whakahāngai ana.
③Ko te āhua, te rahi, te tahora, te hoahoa pūnaha whakamatao o te hanganga pokepokea ai, te ātete rere o te rauemi rewa (pēnei i te whakaotinga mata, te matotoru o te wāhanga awaawa, te āhua o te kōhao, te pūnaha whakaputanga) me ētahi atu mea ka pā tika ki te rauemi rewa i roto i te kōhao. Ko te rere tūturu i roto, ki te whakatairangahia te rauemi rewa ki te whakaheke i te pāmahana me te whakanui ake i te ātete rere, ka heke te rere. I te wā e hoahoa ana i te pokepokea ai, me whiriwhiri he hanganga whaitake kia rite ki te rere o te kirihou e whakamahia ana.
I te wā e hangaia ana, ka taea hoki te whakahaere i te pāmahana rauemi, te pāmahana pokepokea ai, te pēhanga werohanga, te tere werohanga me ētahi atu āhuatanga hei whakarerekē i te āhua o te whakakī kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia pokepokea ai.
03
Te āhua o te tioata
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā kirihou werawera ki ngā kirihou tioata me ngā kirihou kore-tioata (e mōhiotia ana ko te amorphous) i runga i te kore e tioata i te wā o te haukū.
Ko te āhuatanga tioata e kīia nei ko te meka ina huri te kirihou mai i te āhua rewa ki te āhua whakapūpū, ka neke motuhake ngā ngota ngota, ā, ka noho tino koretake. Ka mutu te nekeneke noa o ngā ngota ngota, ka pēhi i tētahi tūranga pumau paku, ā, he āhua ki te hanga i te whakaritenga ngota ngota hei tauira auau. Ko tēnei āhuatanga.
Ka taea te whakatau i ngā paearu āhua mō te aromatawai i ēnei momo kirihou e rua mā te mārama o ngā wāhanga kirihou matotoru. I te nuinga o te wā, he mātotoru, he mārama rānei ngā rauemi tioata (pēnei i te POM, me ētahi atu), ā, he mārama ngā rauemi kore-āhua (pēnei i te PMMA, me ētahi atu). Engari he rerekētanga anō hoki. Hei tauira, he kirihou tioata te poly(4) methylpentene engari he mārama teitei, ā, he rauemi kore-āhua te ABS engari kāore i te mārama.
I te wā e hoahoa ana i ngā pokepokea ai, e whiriwhiri ana hoki i ngā mīhini pokepokea ai werohanga, kia aro ki ngā whakaritenga me ngā whakatūpato e whai ake nei mō ngā kirihou tioata:
He nui te wera e hiahiatia ana hei whakaara i te pāmahana o te rauemi ki te pāmahana hanga, ā, e hiahiatia ana hoki he taputapu he nui te kaha ki te hanga kirihou.
He nui te wera ka tukuna i te wā e whakamatao ana, e huri ana anō hoki, nō reira me whakamatao rawaka.
He nui te rerekētanga taumaha motuhake i waenga i te āhua rewa me te āhua totoka, he nui te mimiti o te hanga, ā, he ngāwari te mimiti me ngā pūwero.
He tere te whakamatao, he iti te tioata, he iti te mimiti, ā, he tino mārama. E pā ana te tioata ki te matotoru o te pakitara o te wāhanga kirihou, ā, he puhoi te whakamatao o te matotoru o te pakitara, he teitei te tioata, he nui te mimiti, ā, he pai ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana. Nō reira, me whakahaere te pāmahana pokepokea ai o te rauemi tioata kia rite ki te hiahia.
He nui te anisotropy, ā, he nui te ahotea o roto. Ko ngā ngota ngota kāore i whakatiotia i muri i te tangohanga, ka noho tonu te whakatiotia, kei roto i te āhua kore taurite o te pūngao, ā, ka ngāwari ki te whakarerekē me te piko.
He whaiti te awhe pāmahana tioata, ā, he ngāwari ki te werohanga i te rauemi kāore anō kia rewa ki roto i te pokepokea ai, ki te aukati rānei i te tauranga whāngai.
04
Ngā kirihou tairongo-wera me ngā kirihou ngāwari te whakapūkara
1) Ko te aro ki te wera te tikanga he aro ake ētahi kirihou ki te wera. Ka roa te whakamahana i te pāmahana teitei, ka iti rawa rānei te wāhanga whakatuwheratanga whāngai. Ina nui te pānga kutikuti, ka tere te piki o te pāmahana o te rauemi, ka puta te tae kore, te pirau me te pirau. Ko te kirihou āhua motuhake ka kiia he kirihou aro ki te wera.
Pērā i te PVC mārō, te polyvinylidene chloride, te vinyl acetate copolymer, te POM, te polychlorotrifluoroethylene, me ētahi atu. Ka puta mai i ngā kirihou tairongo-wera ngā monomer, ngā hau, ngā totoka me ētahi atu hua taha i te wā pirau. Ina koa, he pānga whakapataritari, waikura, paitini rānei ētahi hau pirau ki te tinana tangata, ki ngā taputapu, me ngā pokepokea ai.
Nō reira, me aro nui ki te hoahoa pokepokea ai, te whiriwhiri i te mīhini pokepokea ai werohanga me te pokepokea ai. Me whakamahi i te mīhini pokepokea ai werohanga tīwiri. Me nui te wāhanga o te pūnaha ringihanga. Me whakakikoruatia te pokepokea ai me te oko ki te kōrome. Tāpirihia he whakaū hei whakaiti i tōna aro ki te wera.
2) Ahakoa he iti noa te wai kei roto i ētahi kirihou (pērā i te PC), ka pirau tonu i raro i te pāmahana teitei me te pēhanga teitei. Ka kiia tēnei āhuatanga he wairākau ngāwari, me whakamahana me te whakamaroke i mua.
05
Te pakaru ahotea me te pakaru rewa
1) He tairongo ētahi kirihou ki te ahotea. Ka ngāwari ki te ahotea ā-roto i te wā e hangaia ana, ā, he pakarukaru, he ngāwari hoki te pakaru. Ka pakaru ngā wāhanga kirihou i raro i te mahi a te kaha o waho, te whakarewa rānei.
Nā reira, hei tāpiri atu ki ngā tāpiringa ki ngā rauemi mata hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te pakaru, me aro nui ki te whakamaroke i ngā rauemi mata, ā, me whiriwhiri tika ngā āhuatanga whakakoi hei whakaiti i te ahotea o roto, hei whakanui ake hoki i te ātete ki te pakaru. Ā, me whiriwhiri he āhua tika o ngā wāhanga kirihou, kāore e tika kia tāutahia he whakaurunga me ētahi atu mahi hei whakaiti i te kukū o te ahotea.
I te hoahoatanga o te pokepokea ai, me whakanui ake te koki tangohanga, ā, me whiriwhiri he tikanga whakauru whāngai me te tukunga e tika ana. Me whakarite tika te pāmahana rauemi, te pāmahana pokepokea ai, te pēhanga werohanga me te wā whakamatao i te wā e hanga ana, ā, me ngana ki te karo i te tangohanga ina tino makariri, pakarukaru hoki te wāhanga kirihou. I muri i te hanga, me tuku hoki ngā wāhanga kirihou ki te maimoatanga muri hei whakapai ake i te ātete pakaru, hei whakakore i te ahotea o roto, hei ārai hoki i te pa atu ki ngā whakarewa.
2) Ina haere te pūhui rewa me te tere rere rewa motuhake mā roto i te kōhao o te pūwero i te pāmahana pumau, ā, ka nui ake tōna tere rere i tētahi uara, ka kiia ngā kapiti taha kitea i runga i te mata o te pūwero he pakaru rewa, ka kino ai te āhua me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te wāhanga kirihou. Nō reira, i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā pūhui he tere rere rewa teitei, me whakanui ake te wāhanga whakawhiti o te pūwero, te kaikawe, me te whakatuwheratanga whāngai hei whakaiti i te tere werohanga me te whakanui ake i te pāmahana o te rauemi.
06
Te mahi wera me te tere whakamatao
1) He rerekē ngā āhuatanga wera o ngā kirihou pērā i te wera motuhake, te kawe wera, me te pāmahana whakapōturi wera. He nui te wera e hiahiatia ana mō te whakapōturi me te wera motuhake teitei, ā, me whakamahi he mīhini whakakōturi werohanga he nui te kaha whakapōturi. Ka poto pea te wā whakamatao o te kirihou me te pāmahana whakapōturi wera teitei, ā, ka wawe te tangohanga, engari me ārai te whakapōturi whakamatao i muri i te tangohanga.
He puhoi te tere whakamatao o ngā kirihou he iti te kawe wera (pērā i ngā pūmua ionic, me ētahi atu), nō reira me whakamatao kia nui hei whakarei ake i te pānga whakamatao o te pokepokea ai. He pai ngā pokepokea ai wera mō ngā kirihou he iti te wera motuhake me te kawe wera nui. Kāore e pai mō te pokepokea ai tere teitei ngā kirihou he nui te wera motuhake, he iti te kawe wera, he iti te pāmahana whakarerekētanga wera, me te tere whakamatao puhoi. Me whiriwhiri ngā mīhini pokepokea ai werohanga tika me te whakamatao pokepokea ai kua whakarei ake.
2) E hiahiatia ana ngā momo kirihou kia mau tonu te tere whakamatao e tika ana, e ai ki ō rātou momo, āhuatanga me ngā āhua o ngā wāhanga kirihou. Nō reira, me whai pūnaha whakamahana me te whakamatao te pokepokea ai kia mau tonu ai te pāmahana pokepokea ai. Ina piki ake te pāmahana pokepokea ai i te pāmahana rauemi, me whakamatao kia kore ai e pirau te wāhanga kirihou i muri i te tangohanga, kia poto ai te huringa pokepokea ai, kia whakaitihia ai hoki te tioata.
Ki te kore e ranea te wera o ngā para kirihou hei pupuri i te pokepokea ai i tētahi pāmahana, me whakauru he pūnaha whakamahana ki te pokepokea ai hei pupuri i te pokepokea ai i tētahi pāmahana hei whakahaere i te tere whakamatao, hei whakarite i te rere o te wai, hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga whakakī, hei whakahaere rānei i te whakamatao haere o ngā wāhanga kirihou. Ārai i te whakamatao kore taurite i roto, i waho hoki o ngā wāhanga kirihou matotoru, me te whakanui ake i te tioata.
Mō te hunga he pai te rere o te wai, he nui te wāhi hanga, ā, kāore i te ōrite te pāmahana o ngā rauemi, i runga i te āhua hanga o ngā wāhanga kirihou, me whakamahana, me whakamatao rānei i ētahi wā, me whakamahana ā-rohe rānei. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, me whai pūnaha whakamahana, whakamahana rānei te pokepoke.
07
Te ātete ki te wai
Nā te mea he maha ngā tāpiringa kei roto i ngā kirihou, e rerekē ai te kaha o te hiahia ki te makuku, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā kirihou kia rua ngā momo: te mimiti makuku, te piri makuku, me te makuku kore-mimiti me te kore-piri. Me whakahaere te nui o te wai i roto i te rauemi i roto i te awhe e whakaaetia ana. Ki te kore, ka huri te makuku hei hau, ka wai rānei i raro i te pāmahana teitei me te pēhanga teitei, ka pahuka te kapia, ka heke te rere, ā, ka kino te āhua me ngā āhuatanga miihini.
Nō reira, me whakamahana wawe ngā kirihou waikore ki ngā tikanga me ngā whakaritenga whakamahana e tika ana hei ārai i te mimiti anō o te makuku i te wā e whakamahia ana.
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Wā tuku: Hepetema-27-2021