Isingeniso: Ukubumba ngomjovo kuyinqubo eyinhloko ezintweni zokupakisha izimonyo. Inqubo yokuqala ivame ukuba ukubumba ngomjovo, okunquma ngqo ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokukhiqiza. Ukuhlelwa kwenqubo yokubumba ngomjovo kufanele kucabangele izici ezi-7 ezifana nokuncibilika, ukugeleza kwamanzi, ubukristalu, amapulasitiki azwela ukushisa kanye namapulasitiki afakwe amanzi kalula, ukuqhekeka kokucindezeleka kanye nokuqhekeka kokuncibilika, ukusebenza kokushisa kanye nesivinini sokupholisa, kanye nokumuncwa komswakama. Lesi sihloko sibhalwe nguiphakheji yothingo lwaseShanghaiYabelana ngokuqukethwe okufanele kwalezi zici ezi-7, ukuze abangane bakho babhekisele kukhonkolo yokunikezela ye-Youpin:
Ukubumba ngomjovo
Ukubumba ngomjovo, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukubumba ngomjovo, kuyindlela yokubumba ehlanganisa ukujova nokubumba. Izinzuzo zendlela yokubumba ngomjovo isivinini sokukhiqiza esisheshayo, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukusebenza kungenziwa ngokuzenzakalela, imibala eyahlukahlukene, izimo zingaba kusukela kokulula kuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi, usayizi ungasuka kokukhulu kuya kokuncane, futhi usayizi womkhiqizo unembile, umkhiqizo kulula ukuwubuyekeza, futhi ungenziwa ube yizimo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izingxenye kanye nokubumba ngomjovo kufanelekile ekukhiqizweni okukhulu kanye namasimu okucubungula ukubumba njengemikhiqizo enezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ekushiseni okuthile, izinto zepulasitiki ezincibilikisiwe ngokuphelele zivuselelwa ngesikulufu, zifakwe emgodini wesikhunta ngomfutho ophezulu, bese zipholiswa futhi ziqiniswe ukuze kutholakale umkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe. Le ndlela ifanele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwezingxenye ezinezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ingenye yezindlela ezibalulekile zokucubungula.
01
Ukuncishiswa
Izici ezithinta ukuncishiswa kokubumba kwe-thermoplastic yilezi ezilandelayo:
1) Izinhlobo zepulasitiki: Ngesikhathi senqubo yokubumba amapulasitiki e-thermoplastic, kusenezinguquko zomthamo ezibangelwa ukwakheka kwamakristalu, ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okuqinile, ukucindezeleka okukhulu okusele okuqandisiwe ezingxenyeni zepulasitiki, ukuqondiswa okunamandla kwama-molecule nezinye izici, ngakho-ke uma kuqhathaniswa namapulasitiki e-thermoset, izinga lokuncibilika likhulu, ububanzi bokuncibilika bubanzi, futhi ukuqondiswa kusobala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncibilika ngemva kokubumba, ukuncibilikisa noma ukulungisa umswakama ngokuvamile kukhulu kunokwamapulasitiki e-thermosetting.
2) Izici zengxenye yepulasitiki. Uma izinto ezincibilikisiwe zithintana nobuso bomgodi, ungqimba lwangaphandle luyapholiswa ngokushesha ukuze kwakheke igobolondo eliqinile elinobukhulu obuphansi. Ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi kwepulasitiki, ungqimba lwangaphakathi lwengxenye yepulasitiki luyapholiswa kancane kancane ukuze kwakheke ungqimba oluqinile olunobukhulu obukhulu olunokuncipha okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukujiya kodonga, ukupholisa okuhamba kancane, kanye nobukhulu bengqimba obunobukhulu obukhulu kuzoncipha kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwezifakelo kanye nokuhlelwa kanye nenani lezifakelo kuthinta ngqo indlela yokugeleza kwezinto, ukusatshalaliswa kobuningi kanye nokumelana nokuncibilika. Ngakho-ke, izici zezingxenye zepulasitiki zinomthelela omkhulu ekuncibilikeni nasekuqondeni.
3) Izici ezifana nokwakheka, usayizi, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo yokungena yokuphakelayo kuthinta ngqo indlela yokugeleza kwezinto, ukusatshalaliswa kobuningi, umphumela wokugcinwa kwengcindezi kanye nokuncipha kanye nesikhathi sokubumba. Izindawo zokungenisa eziqondile kanye nezikhumulo zokuphakelayo ezinezingxenye ezinkulu eziwelayo (ikakhulukazi izingxenye eziwelayo ezijiyile) zinokuncishiswa okuncane kodwa ziqondisa kakhulu, kanti izindawo zokungenisa ezimfushane ezinobubanzi nobude obufushane zinesiqondiso esincane. Lezo eziseduze nendawo yokungena yokuphakelayo noma ezihambisana nendlela yokugeleza kwezinto zizoncishiswa kakhulu.
4) Izimo zokubumba Izinga lokushisa lesikhunta liphezulu, izinto ezincibilikisiwe ziphola kancane, ubuningi buphezulu, futhi ukuncipha kukhulu. Ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezikristalu, ukuncipha kukhulu ngenxa yobuningi obuphezulu bekristalu kanye nokushintsha okukhulu kwevolumu. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa lesikhunta kuhlobene nokupholisa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kanye nokufana kobuningi bengxenye yepulasitiki, okuthinta ngqo usayizi kanye nesiqondiso sokuncipha kwengxenye ngayinye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingcindezi yokubamba nesikhathi nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ekuncipheni, futhi ukuncipheka kuncane kodwa ukuqondiswa kukhulu uma ingcindezi iphezulu nesikhathi side. Ingcindezi yokujova iphezulu, umehluko we-viscosity yokuncibilika uncane, ukucindezeleka kokucheba okuphakathi kwezingqimba kuncane, kanye nokubuyela emuva kwe-elastic ngemva kokudilizwa kukhulu, ngakho-ke ukuncipheka kungancishiswa ngenani elifanele. Izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo liphezulu, ukuncipheka kukhulu, kodwa ukuqondiswa kuncane. Ngakho-ke, ukulungisa izinga lokushisa lesikhunta, ingcindezi, isivinini sokujova kanye nesikhathi sokupholisa ngesikhathi sokubumba nakho kungashintsha ngokufanele ukuncipheka kwengxenye yepulasitiki.
Uma uklama isikhunta, ngokuya ngobubanzi bokuncishiswa kwamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene, ubukhulu bodonga kanye nesimo sengxenye yepulasitiki, usayizi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwesimo sokungena, izinga lokuncishiswa kwengxenye ngayinye yengxenye yepulasitiki linqunywa ngokuya ngolwazi, bese kubalwa usayizi wesikhala.
Ngezingxenye zepulasitiki ezinemba kakhulu futhi lapho kunzima ukuqonda izinga lokuncipha, izindlela ezilandelayo kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokuvamile ukuklama isikhunta:
Thatha izinga lokuncipha elincane lobubanzi bangaphandle bengxenye yepulasitiki, kanye nezinga lokuncipha elikhulu lobubanzi bangaphakathi, ukuze ushiye isikhala sokulungiswa ngemva kwesikhunta sokuhlola.
Izikhunta zesilingo zinquma isimo, usayizi kanye nezimo zokubumba zesistimu yokubopha.
Izingxenye zepulasitiki ezizocutshungulwa ngemva kokucubungula ziyocutshungulwa ngemva kokucubungula ukuze kutholakale ushintsho losayizi (ukulinganisa kumele kube amahora angama-24 ngemva kokususwa).
Lungisa isikhunta ngokwendlela yokuncipha kwangempela.
Zama kabusha isikhunta bese ushintsha izimo zenqubo ngokufanele ukuze ushintshe kancane inani lokuncipha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zengxenye yepulasitiki.
02
ukugeleza
1) Ukugeleza kwe-thermoplastics ngokuvamile kungahlaziywa kusukela ochungechungeni lwezinkomba ezifana nesisindo sama-molecule, i-melt index, ubude bokugeleza kwe-Archimedes spiral, i-viscosity ebonakalayo kanye ne-flow ratio (ubude benqubo/ukujiya kodonga lwengxenye yepulasitiki).
Isisindo esincane sama-molecule, ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo sama-molecule abanzi, ukuhleleka kwesakhiwo sama-molecule okungekuhle, inkomba yokuncibilika ephezulu, ubude bokugeleza okujikelezayo obude, i-viscosity ephansi ebonakalayo, isilinganiso sokugeleza okuphezulu, ukugeleza okuhle, amapulasitiki anegama elifanayo lomkhiqizo kumele ahlole imiyalelo yawo ukuze anqume ukuthi ukugeleza kwawo kuyasebenza yini.
Ngokwezidingo zomklamo wesikhunta, ukugeleza kwepulasitiki esetshenziswa njalo kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu:
I-PA, PE, PS, PP, CA, poly(4) methylpentene enhle;
I-resin yochungechunge lwe-polystyrene eguquguqukayo ephakathi nendawo (njenge-ABS, AS), i-PMMA, i-POM, i-polyphenylene ether;
I-PC engasebenzi kahle, i-PVC eqinile, i-polyphenylene ether, i-polysulfone, i-polyarylsulfone, ama-fluoroplastics.
2) Ukugeleza kwamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene nakho kuyashintsha ngenxa yezici ezahlukene zokubumba. Izici eziyinhloko ezithonya yilezi ezilandelayo:
①Ukushisa okuphezulu kwezinto zokwakha kwandisa ukugeleza, kodwa amapulasitiki ahlukene anomehluko wawo, njenge-PS (ikakhulukazi lawo anokumelana okuphezulu komthelela kanye nenani eliphakeme le-MFR), i-PP, i-PA, i-PMMA, i-polystyrene eguquliwe (njenge-ABS, i-AS). Ukugeleza kwe-PC, i-CA kanye namanye amapulasitiki kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokushisa. Ku-PE kanye ne-POM, ukukhuphuka noma ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa akunawo umthelela omkhulu ekugelezeni kwawo. Ngakho-ke, owokuqala kufanele alungise izinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokubumba ukuze alawule ukugeleza.
②Uma ingcindezi yokubumba ngomjovo ikhuphuka, izinto ezincibilikisiwe zibhekana nomphumela omkhulu wokugundwa, futhi ukugeleza nakho kuyanda, ikakhulukazi i-PE kanye ne-POM ziyazwela kakhulu, ngakho-ke ingcindezi yokujova kufanele ilungiswe ukuze kulawulwe ukugeleza ngesikhathi sokubumba.
③Ifomu, usayizi, ukwakheka, ukwakheka kohlelo lokupholisa lwesakhiwo sesikhunta, ukumelana nokugeleza kwezinto ezincibilikisiwe (njengokuphela kobuso, ukujiya kwesigaba sesiteshi, ukuma kwesikhala, uhlelo lokukhipha umoya) nezinye izinto ezithinta ngqo izinto ezincibilikisiwe emgodini Ukugeleza kwangempela ngaphakathi, uma izinto ezincibilikisiwe zikhushulwa ukuze zehlise izinga lokushisa futhi zandise ukumelana nokugeleza, ukugeleza kuzoncipha. Lapho kuklanywa isikhunta, kufanele kukhethwe isakhiwo esifanele ngokuya ngokugeleza kwepulasitiki esetshenzisiwe.
Ngesikhathi sokubumba, izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo, izinga lokushisa lesikhunta, ingcindezi yomjovo, isivinini somjovo nezinye izinto nazo zingalawulwa ukuze kulungiswe kahle isimo sokugcwalisa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokubumba.
03
Ubukristali
Ama-thermoplastic angahlukaniswa abe amapulasitiki acwebezelayo kanye namapulasitiki angewona acwebezelayo (awaziwa nangokuthi angenawo ulwelwesi) ngokuya ngokuthi awakhiqizi ulwelwesi ngesikhathi sokujiya.
Isenzakalo esibizwa ngokuthi i-crystallization sibhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi lapho ipulasitiki ishintsha isuka esimweni esincibilikisiwe iye esimweni sokujiya, ama-molecule ahamba ngokuzimela futhi asesimweni sokungahleleki ngokuphelele. Ama-molecule ayayeka ukuhamba ngokukhululeka, acindezele isikhundla esiqinile kancane, futhi athambekele ekwenzeni ukuhlelwa kwama-molecule kube yimodeli evamile. Lesi simo.
Izindlela zokubonakala zokwahlulela lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zepulasitiki zinganqunywa ngokusobala kwezingxenye zepulasitiki ezinodonga olujiyile. Ngokuvamile, izinto zekristalu azibonakali noma zikhanya (njenge-POM, njll.), kanti izinto ezingabonakali zikhanya (njenge-PMMA, njll.). Kodwa kunezimo ezihlukile. Isibonelo, i-poly(4) methylpentene iyipulasitiki yekristalu kodwa inokukhanya okuphezulu, kanti i-ABS iyinto engabonakali kodwa ayibonakali.
Lapho uklama isikhunta futhi ukhetha imishini yokubumba nge-injection, naka izidingo nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezilandelayo zamapulasitiki acwebezelayo:
Ukushisa okudingekayo ukuze kukhushulwe izinga lokushisa lezinto zokwakha kudingeke ukushisa okuningi, futhi kudingeka imishini enamandla amakhulu okufaka ipulasitiki.
Ukushisa okukhulu kukhishwa ngesikhathi sokupholisa nokuguqulwa, ngakho-ke kumele kupholiswe ngokwanele.
Umehluko oqondile wamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwesimo esincibilikisiwe nesimo esiqinile mkhulu, ukuncipha kokubumba kukhulu, futhi ukuncipha kanye nama-pores kuvame ukwenzeka.
Ukupholisa okusheshayo, uketshezi oluphansi, uketshezi oluncane kanye nokubonakala okuphezulu. Uketshezi luhlobene nobukhulu bodonga lwengxenye yepulasitiki, futhi uketshezi lodonga luhamba kancane ukuze luphole, uketshezi luphezulu, uketshezi lukhulu, futhi izakhiwo zomzimba zinhle. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa lesikhunta sezinto ezicwebezelayo kumele lilawulwe njengoba kudingeka.
I-anisotropy ibalulekile futhi ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kukhulu. Ama-molecule angaqiniswanga ngemva kokuqhekeka athambekele ekuqhubekeni nokuqhekeka, asesimweni sokungalingani kwamandla, futhi athambekele ekuguqukeni nasekuphazamisekeni.
Ububanzi bokushisa kwe-crystallization buncane, futhi kulula ukubangela ukuthi izinto ezingancibilikisiwe zifakwe esikhumbeni noma zivimbele imbobo yokuphakelayo.
04
Amapulasitiki azwela ukushisa kanye namapulasitiki afakwe amanzi kalula
1) Ukuzwela ukushisa kusho ukuthi amanye amapulasitiki azwela kakhulu ekushiseni. Azoshiswa isikhathi eside ekushiseni okuphezulu noma ingxenye yokuvula ukudla incane kakhulu. Uma umphumela wokugunda umkhulu, izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo lizokhuphuka kalula okubangela ukushintsha kombala, ukuwohloka nokubola. Ipulasitiki ephawulekayo ibizwa ngokuthi ipulasitiki ezwela ukushisa.
Njenge-PVC eqinile, i-polyvinylidene chloride, i-vinyl acetate copolymer, i-POM, i-polychlorotrifluoroethylene, njll. Amapulasitiki azwela ukushisa akhiqiza ama-monomers, amagesi, izinto eziqinile kanye neminye imikhiqizo engaphansi ngesikhathi sokubola. Ikakhulukazi, amanye amagesi okubola anemiphumela ecasulayo, ebolile noma enobuthi emzimbeni womuntu, imishini, kanye nezikhunta.
Ngakho-ke, kufanele kunakwe ukwakheka kwesikhunta, ukukhethwa komshini wokubumba umjovo kanye nokubumba. Umshini wokubumba umjovo wesikulufu kufanele usetshenziswe. Ingxenye yesistimu yokuthela kufanele ibe nkulu. Isikhunta kanye nomgqomo kufanele kufakwe i-chrome. Faka i-stabilizer ukuze unciphise ukuzwela kwayo kokushisa.
2) Ngisho noma amanye amapulasitiki (njenge-PC) equkethe inani elincane lamanzi, azobola ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nomfutho ophezulu. Lesi sici sibizwa ngokuthi i-easy hydrolysis, okumele ifudunyezwe futhi yomiswe kusenesikhathi.
05
Ukuqhekeka kokucindezeleka kanye nokuqhekeka kokuncibilika
1) Amanye amapulasitiki ayazwela ekucindezelekeni. Avame ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi ngesikhathi sokubumba futhi ayaphuka futhi kulula ukuwaqhekeka. Izingxenye zepulasitiki zizoqhekeka ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla angaphandle noma isinyibilikisi.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngaphezu kokwengeza izithasiselo ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokuqhekeka, kufanele kuqashelwe ukomisa izinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi izimo zokubumba kufanele zikhethwe ngokufanele ukuze kuncishiswe ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi futhi kwandiswe ukumelana nokuqhekeka. Futhi uma kufanele ukhethe ukuma okufanelekile kwezingxenye zepulasitiki, akufaneleki ukufaka izinto zokufaka nezinye izindlela zokunciphisa ukugxila kokucindezeleka.
Lapho kuklanywa isikhunta, i-engeli yokususa kufanele ikhuliswe, futhi kufanele kukhethwe indlela efanele yokungenisa nokukhipha ukudla. Izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo, izinga lokushisa lesikhunta, ingcindezi yokujova kanye nesikhathi sokupholisa kufanele kulungiswe ngendlela efanele ngesikhathi sokubumba, futhi uzame ukugwema ukususa lapho ingxenye yepulasitiki ibanda kakhulu futhi iphuka. Ngemva kokubumba, izingxenye zepulasitiki kufanele nazo ziphathwe ngemva kokwelashwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokuqhekeka, kuqedwe ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi futhi kuvinjelwe ukuthintana nezinyibilikisi.
2) Lapho ukuncibilika kwe-polymer okunesilinganiso esithile sokugeleza kokuncibilika kudlula emgodini we-nozzle ekushiseni okulinganayo futhi izinga lokugeleza kwayo lidlula inani elithile, imifantu esobala eseceleni ebusweni be-melt ibizwa ngokuthi i-melt fracture, ezolimaza ukubukeka kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba zengxenye yepulasitiki. Ngakho-ke, lapho kukhethwa ama-polymer anesilinganiso esiphezulu sokugeleza kokuncibilika, ingxenye ewelayo ye-nozzle, i-runner, kanye nokuvulwa kokudla kufanele ikhuliswe ukuze kuncishiswe isivinini somjovo futhi kwandiswe izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo.
06
Ukusebenza kokushisa kanye nesilinganiso sokupholisa
1) Amapulasitiki ahlukahlukene anezakhiwo ezihlukile zokushisa njengokushisa okuthile, ukuhanjiswa kokushisa, kanye nokushisa okuguquguqukayo. Ukufakelwa ipulasitiki ngokushisa okukhulu kudinga ukushisa okukhulu, futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe umshini wokubumba umjovo onamandla amakhulu okufakelwa ipulasitiki. Isikhathi sokupholisa sepulasitiki esinokushisa okuphezulu okuguquguqukayo singaba sifushane futhi ukususwa kwepulasitiki kusenesikhathi, kodwa ukuguqulwa kokupholisa kufanele kuvinjelwe ngemva kokususwa kwepulasitiki.
Amapulasitiki ane-conduction ephansi yokushisa anesilinganiso sokupholisa esihamba kancane (njenge-polymers ye-ionic, njll.), ngakho-ke kumele apholiswe ngokwanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokupholisa wesikhunta. Ama-mold ashisayo afanele amapulasitiki ane-conduction ephansi yokushisa kanye ne-conduction ephezulu yokushisa. Amapulasitiki ane-conduction enkulu yokushisa, i-conduction ephansi yokushisa, izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokuguquguquka kokushisa, kanye ne-conduction ephansi yokupholisa awalungele i-construction esheshayo. Imishini yokubumba efanelekile kanye ne-conduction ethuthukisiwe yokupholisa isikhunta kumele ikhethwe.
2) Kudingeka amapulasitiki ahlukahlukene ukuze agcine izinga lokupholisa elifanele ngokwezinhlobo zawo, izici kanye nokuma kwezingxenye zepulasitiki. Ngakho-ke, isikhunta kumele sibe nezinhlelo zokushisa nokupholisa ngokwezidingo zokubumba ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elithile lesikhunta. Lapho izinga lokushisa lezinto likhuphula izinga lokushisa lesikhunta, kufanele sipholiswe ukuze kuvinjelwe ingxenye yepulasitiki ukuthi ingonakali ngemva kokubola, kufinyezwe umjikelezo wokubumba, futhi kuncishiswe ubukristali.
Uma ukushisa okulahliwe kwepulasitiki kunganele ukugcina isikhunta ekushiseni okuthile, isikhunta kufanele sibe nesistimu yokushisa ukugcina isikhunta ekushiseni okuthile ukulawula izinga lokupholisa, ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukuthuthukisa izimo zokugcwalisa noma ukulawula izingxenye zepulasitiki ukuthi ziphole kancane. Vimbela ukupholisa okungalingani ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezingxenye zepulasitiki ezihlanganisiwe ngodonga olujiyile futhi wandise ubukristali.
Kulabo abanomswakama omuhle, indawo enkulu yokubumba, kanye nokushisa okungalingani kwezinto, kuye ngezimo zokubumba zezingxenye zepulasitiki, ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukufudunyezwa noma ukupholiswa ngokushintshana noma ukufudunyezwa endaweni bese kupholiswa. Ngenxa yalokhu, isikhunta kufanele sibe nesistimu yokupholisa noma yokushisa ehambisanayo.
07
I-Hygroscopicity
Ngenxa yokuthi kunezithasiselo ezahlukahlukene kumapulasitiki, ezenza abe namazinga ahlukene okusondelana komswakama, amapulasitiki angahlukaniswa cishe abe izinhlobo ezimbili: ukumuncwa komswakama, ukunamathela komswakama, kanye nokungamuncwa kanye nokunganamatheli komswakama. Okuqukethwe kwamanzi ezintweni kumele kulawulwe ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuvunyelwe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umswakama uzoba yigesi noma i-hydrolyze ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokucindezela okuphezulu, okuzobangela i-resin ukuthi igwebu, yehlise ukugeleza, futhi ibe nokubukeka okubi kanye nezakhiwo zemishini.
Ngakho-ke, amapulasitiki athambile kumele ashiswe ngemishini yokushisa efanele kanye nemininingwane njengoba kudingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukumuncwa kabusha komswakama ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.
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Iwebhusayithi:www.uthingo-pkg.com
I-imeyili:Bobby@rainbow-pkg.com
I-WhatsApp: +008613818823743
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-27-2021