I te whanaketanga o te ōhanga, te whakapainga o ngā paerewa oranga o te tangata, me te whakapai tonu i ngā ariā hoko a ngā kaihoko, kei te piki haere te pai o ngā hua whaiaro kua hangaia kia rite ki te hiahia o ngā kaihoko. Ka tutuki katoa ngā hiahia o ngā kaihoko o te tangata hou i te whakawhiti tuakiri. Kāore e taea te tā i ētahi hua motuhake mā ngā tikanga tā tuku iho, engari ka taea te tā ki runga i te nuinga o ngā mata uaua mā te tā whakawhiti wai. Nā te ētita o tēnei tuhinga i whakatika.mōkihi āniwaniwa o Shanghaihei tohutoro māu.
Whakawhiti wai
Tānga whakawhiti waiKo te hangarau he momo tā e whakamahi ana i te pēhanga wai hei whakapūmau i te pepa whakawhiti/kiriata kirihou me ngā tauira tae. I te pikinga ake o ngā hiahia o te tangata mō te takai me te whakapaipai hua, kua whānui haere te whakamahinga o te tā whakawhiti wai. Kua whakatauhia e te kaupapa o te tā ā-kore me te pānga tā tino pai ngā raruraru maha o te whakapaipai mata hua.
01 Whakarōpūtanga
E rua ngā momo hangarau whakawhiti wai, ko tētahi he hangarau whakawhiti tohu wai, ko tētahi he hangarau whakawhiti paninga wai.
Ko te tuatahi e whakaoti ana i te whakawhiti tuhinga me ngā tauira pikitia, ko te tuarua ia e mahi ana i te whakawhiti katoa ki te mata o te hua. Ka whakamahia e te hangarau whakawhiti paparua he kiriata wairewa-wai e ngāwari ana te wairewa ki te wai hei kawe i ngā whakaahua me ngā tuhinga. Nā te mea he tino pai te kukū o te kiriata paninga wai, he ngāwari te takai i te mata o te hua hei hanga i tētahi paparanga whakairoiro, ā, he rerekē rawa te āhua o te mata o te hua pērā i te peita rehu. Ka taea te pani ki ngā wahi mahi o tētahi āhua hei whakaoti i te raruraru o te tānga hua toru-ahu mō ngā kaihanga. Ka taea hoki e te uhi mata piko te tāpiri i ngā kakano rerekē ki te mata o te hua, pērā i te kakano hiako, te kakano rakau, te kakano jade me te kakano māpere, me ētahi atu, ā, ka taea hoki te karo i ngā tūranga takoto kau e puta pinepine ana i roto i te tānga tahora whānui. Ā, i roto i te tukanga tā, nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia te mata o te hua kia pā ki te kiriata tā, ka taea te karo i te kino ki te mata o te hua me tōna āhua.
He kiriata motuhake kua tukatukahia ki te matū te whakawhiti waiI muri i te tānga i ngā rārangi tae e hiahiatia ana, ka tukuna kia papatahi ki runga i te mata o te wai. Mā te whakamahi i te pānga o te pēhanga wai, ka whakawhitia ōritetia ngā rārangi tae me ngā tauira ki te mata o te hua. Ka rewa aunoa ki te wai, ā, i muri i te horoinga me te whakamaroke, ka pania he paninga tiaki mārama. I tēnei wā, kua whakaatuhia e te hua he pānga tirohanga tino rerekē.
02 Rauemi turanga me ngā rauemi tā
①Papa whakawhiti wai.
Ka taea te whakamahi i te kiriata kirihou, i te pepa whakawhiti wai rānei hei papa whakawhiti wai. He uaua te tā tika i te nuinga o ngā hua. Ka taea e koe te tā i ngā whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga ki runga i te papa whakawhiti wai mā te hangarau tā pakari, kātahi ka whakawhiti i ngā whakairoiro ki te papa. Rauemi.
Ārai wai piko-toru-ahu
Ka tāia te kiriata ārai wai ki runga i te mata o te kiriata waipiro polyvinyl wairewa-wai mā te whakamahi i te tukanga tā gravure tuku iho. He tino tere te totoro, ā, he ngāwari ki te hipoki i te mata o te mea kia tutuki ai te whakawhiti-ahu-toru. Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te ngāwari o te whakairoiro me te tuhinga i roto i te tukanga paninga, nā te ngāwari o te papa, ka ngāwari te whakapēke i ngā whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga. Nā tēnei take, ko ngā pikitia me ngā tuhinga he tauira tonu, ahakoa kua whakapēkehia te whakawhiti, kāore e pā ki te pānga tirohanga. I taua wā anō, ka whakamahia e te kiriata paninga wai gravure te waituhi whakawhiti wai. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā waituhi tuku iho, he pai te ātete wai o ngā waituhi tā whakawhiti wai, ā, ko te tikanga whakamaroke ko te whakamaroke whakapūpū.
Pepa whakawhiti tohu wai
Ko te rauemi taketake o te pepa whakawhiti tohu-wai he pepa motuhake. Me pumau te kounga o te rauemi taketake, me tika te rahi, me kaha te urutau ki te taiao tā, he iti rawa te tere whakawhanui, kāore e ngāwari te piko me te whakapē, he ngāwari te tā me te tae, ā, he ōrite te paninga o te paparanga piri o te mata. Ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tere maroke tere. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i waenga i te pepa whakawhiti wai me te kiriata whakawhiti paninga wai i te hanganga, engari he tino rerekē te tukanga whakaputa. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia te pepa whakawhiti tohu-wai hei hanga whakairoiro whakawhiti me te tuhinga ki runga i te mata o te papa mā te tā mata, te tā tā rānei. Ko te tikanga whakaputa rongonui ko te whakamahi i ngā pūreretā waituhi hei hanga pepa whakawhiti tohu-wai. He ngāwari te hanga whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga whaiaro kia rite ki ō hiahia ake.
②Whakahohe
He whakarewa rauropi te kaiwhakaoho, ka taea te whakarewa tere me te whakangaro i te kiriata waipiro polyvinyl, engari e kore e kino te paparanga tā whakairoiro. I muri i te mahi a te kaiwhakaoho ki te paparanga tā whakairoiro, ka taea e ia te whakahohe me te wehe i a ia mai i te kiriata waipiro polyvinyl. Ka piri ki te mata o te papa hei whakatutuki i te paninga whakawhiti wai.
③Te paninga
Nā te mea he iti te pakeke o te paparanga tānga o te kiriata pania-wai, ā, he ngāwari ki te waru, me rehu te mea mahi ki te peita mārama i muri i te whakawhiti pania-wai hei tiaki, kia pai ake ai te āhua whakapaipai. Mā te whakamahi i te paninga PV mārama, te paninga UV mārama rānei, ka taea te hanga i te āhua matte, whakaata rānei.
④Rauemi papa
He pai te tānga whakawhiti wai mō te nuinga o ngā rauemi e pāngia ana e te oranga o ia rā, pērā i te kirihou, te konganuku, te karāhe, te uku, me te rakau. E ai ki te hiahia paninga, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā rauemi papa ki ngā wāhanga e rua e whai ake nei.
Ngā rauemi e ngāwari ana te whakawhiti (ngā rauemi kāore e hiahiatia he paninga)
He pai te mahi tā a ētahi rauemi kirihou, pērā i: ABS, plexiglass, polycarbonate (PC), PET me ētahi atu rauemi, ka taea te whakawhiti me te kore paninga. He rite tēnei ki te kaupapa tā. I roto i te whānau kirihou, he uaua ake te whakaoti i te whakawhiti paninga wai PS, nā te mea he ngāwari te waikura e ngā whakarewa, ā, ka taea e ngā matū hohe o te kaiwhakaoho te whakararuraru i te PS, nō reira he ngoikore te pānga whakawhiti. Heoi, me aro atu ki te tā whakawhiti wai i runga i ngā rauemi PS kua whakarerekētia.
Ngā rauemi hei paninga
Ko ngā rauemi kore-mimiti pērā i te karāhe, te konganuku, te uku, ngā rauemi kore-porowhita pērā i te polyethylene, te polypropylene, me ētahi rauemi polyvinyl chloride e hiahia ana ki ngā paninga motuhake mō te whakawhiti paninga. Ko ngā paninga he momo peita katoa he pai te piri ki ngā rauemi motuhake, ka taea te tā mata, te rehu, te takai rānei. Mai i te tirohanga tā, kua kitea e te hangarau paninga te āheinga o te whakapaipai mata mō te maha o ngā rauemi tā. Ināianei he maha ngā tukanga whakawhiti rongonui pērā i te whakawhiti sublimation, te whakawhiti wera rewa, te whakawhiti whakapiri uku, te whakawhiti pēhanga tairongo me ētahi atu hangarau, kāore e hiahiatia he hangarau paninga mō te whakawhiti ki runga i ēnei rauemi.
03 Ngā taputapu tā
① Tāke whakawhiti pāmahana pumau
Ko te nuinga o te wā, ka oti i te tāke whakawhiti wera te whakahohe i ngā whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga i runga i te kiriata whakawhiti paninga wai, me te whakawhiti i te kiriata ki te mata o te hua. Ko te tāke whakawhiti wera he tāke wai me te mahi whakahaere pāmahana pumau. Ko ētahi he mea whakarewa ki te pereti tine, ko ētahi he mea hanga ki te kowiri tira.
②Ngā taputapu whakawhiti kiriata aunoa
Ka whakamahia te taputapu whakawhiti kiriata rere aunoa hei hora aunoa i te kiriata whakawhiti wai ki runga i te mata wai i roto i te tāke whakawhiti, ā, ka oti aunoa te mahi tapahi. I muri i te mimiti o te wai i te kiriata, ka hanga he āhua rokiroki whakarara ki te wai, ā, ka mānu noa i runga i te mata wai. I runga, nā te taumahatanga o te mata o te wai, ka horahia ōrite te paparanga waituhi ki runga i te mata wai. Rehuhia te whakahohe kia ōrite ki runga i te mata angiangi, ka pakaru mārire te kiriata, ka memeha, nā te ātete wai o te waituhi, ka tīmata te paparanga waituhi ki te whakaatu i te āhua kore utu.
③Ngā taputapu rehu aunoa mō te kaiwhakaoho
Ka whakamahia te taputapu rehu aunoa whakahohe hei rehu aunoa, kia ōrite hoki te whakahohe ki te mata o runga o te kiriata whakawhiti wai i roto i te tāke whakawhiti, kia whakahohehia ai te tauira whakawhiti i runga i te kiriata whakawhiti ki te āhua waituhi.
④Ngā taputapu horoi
Mā ngā taputapu horoi ka oti te horoi i te kiriata toenga i runga i te mata o te hua. Ko te tikanga, ka hangaia ngā taputapu horoi i roto i te āhua o tētahi raina huihuinga, he mea watea mō te hanga tonu. Ko te nuinga o ngā taputapu horoi he puna kaukau me tētahi taputapu whitiki kawe; ka whakatakotoria te hua whakawhiti ki runga i te whitiki kawe o te taputapu horoi, ā, ka horoia ā-ringa e te kaiwhakahaere te toenga o te hua, kātahi ka rere ki te tukanga e whai ake nei.
⑤Ngā taputapu whakamaroke
Ka whakamahia ngā taputapu whakamaroke hei whakamaroke i muri i te tango i te kiriata toenga, ā, ka rehuhia te hua ki te hinu. Ko te whakamaroke i muri i te horoinga ko te mimiti o te wai, ā, ko te whakamaroke i muri i te rehutanga ko te whakamaroke i te whakarewa. E rua ngā momo taputapu whakamaroke: te momo raina whakaputa me te momo kāpata kotahi. Ko ngā taputapu whakamaroke raina huihuinga he mea tito mai i te taputapu kawe me te taputapu whakamaroke. Ko te whakaritenga matua o te hoahoa whānui ko te whakamaroke katoa o te hua i muri i te whakaurunga ki te wāhanga whakamaroke me te kawe ki te tauranga. Ko te nuinga o te taputapu ka whakamahanahia e ngā hihi whero-whero.
⑥ Ngā taputapu rehu paninga me te paninga o runga
Ko te taputapu rehu paninga me te paninga runga e whakamahia ana hei rehu i te mata o te hua i mua atu, ā, i muri hoki i te whakawhiti. Kei roto ko te tinana me te taputapu pēhanga hinu. Ka mānu te paninga hinu e whakamahia ana mō te rehu i raro i te pēhanga tino teitei. Ina tūtaki te matūriki ki te hua, ka hangaia he kaha mimiti.
04 Hangarau Tā
①Whakawhitinga paninga wai
Ko te tānga whakawhiti arai wai e pā ana ki te whakapaipai i te mata katoa o tētahi mea, e kapi ana i te mata taketake o te mea mahi, ā, ka taea te tā tauira ki te mata katoa (ahu-toru) o te mea.
Te rere o te tukanga
Whakahohenga kiriata
Horahia te kiriata whakawhiti wai-panihia ki runga i te mata wai o te tāke wai whakawhiti, me te anga whakarunga o te paparanga whakairoiro, kia mau tonu te ma o te wai i roto i te tāke, kia noho pūmau hoki, rehuhia kia ōrite ki runga i te mata whakairoiro me te whakamahi i te whakaoho kia puta ai te whakairoiro. Ka whakahohehia te paparanga, ā, ka ngāwari te wehe atu i te kiriata kawe. He whakarewa rauropi te whakaoho, he mea whakakotahi ki ngā hauwaiwaro kakara, ka taea te whakarewa tere me te whakangaro i te waipiro polyvinyl, engari kāore e kino te paparanga whakairoiro, ka waiho te whakairoiro kia noho pūmau.
Te tukanga whakawhiti paninga wai
Ko te mea e hiahiatia ana kia whakawhitia ki te wai ka āta whakatatahia ki te kiriata whakawhiti wai i tōna taha. Ka āta whakawhitia te paparanga whakaahua me te tuhinga ki te mata o te hua i raro i te mahi a te pēhanga wai, nā te piri o te paparanga waituhi me te rauemi tā, te paninga motuhake rānei, ā, ka puta he piri. I te wā o te tukanga whakawhiti, me pupuri kia ōrite te tere whakapiri o te papa me te kiriata pania-wai, kia kore ai e puta ngā kita o te kiriata me ngā pikitia me ngā tuhinga kino. Ko te tikanga, me whakarite kia tika te totoro o ngā whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga kia kore ai e taupatupatu, inā koa ngā hononga. Ki te nui rawa te taupatupatu ka puta he ahua pōrearea ki te tangata. Ki te uaua ake te hua, ka nui ake ngā whakaritenga mō te whakahaere.
Ngā āhuatanga awe
Te pāmahana wai
Mena he iti rawa te pāmahana o te wai, ka heke pea te wairewa o te kiriata papa; ki te tino teitei te pāmahana o te wai, ka ngāwari te pakaru o ngā whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga, ka puta he āhua rerekē o ngā whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga. Ka taea e te tāke wai whakawhiti te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu whakahaere pāmahana aunoa hei whakahaere i te pāmahana wai i roto i tētahi awhe pumau. Mō ngā mahi nui me ngā āhua ngāwari me te ōrite, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakawhiti wai motuhake hei utu mō ngā mahi ā-ringa, pērā i ngā mahi porotaka, ka taea te whakau ki runga i tētahi pou hurihuri me te huri ki runga i te mata o te kiriata hei whakawhiti i te ahua me te paparanga tuhinga.
②Tānga tohuwai
Ko te tānga tohuwai he tukanga e whakawhiti katoa ana i ngā whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga i runga i te pepa whakawhiti ki te mata o te papa. He tino rite ki te tukanga whakawhiti wera, engari ko te pēhanga whakawhiti e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pēhanga wai, he hangarau whakawhiti wai rongonui i ēnei rā.
tukanga hanga
Tuatahi, tapahia te pepa whakawhiti wai whakairoiro e hiahia ana kia whakawhitia ki ngā whakaritenga e hiahiatia ana, maka ki roto i tētahi tāke wai ma, ka rumakina mō te 20 hēkona hei wehe i te kopare mai i te papa, hei whakarite hoki mō te whakawhiti.
Te tukanga tukatuka pepa whakawhiti tohu wai: Tangohia te pepa whakawhiti wai ka āta piri ki te mata o te papa, waruhia te mata whakairoiro ki te waru hei pēhi i te wai, kia papatahi te whakairoiro ki te tūranga kua tohua, ka whakamaroke māori. Mō te pepa whakawhiti tohu wai ka taea te tihore, whakamaroke māori, kātahi ka whakamaroke ki roto i te oumu hei whakapai ake i te piri o ngā whakairoiro me te tuhinga. Ko te pāmahana whakamaroke he 65-100 nekehanga. Nā te mea he paparanga wanihi tiaki kei runga i te mata o te pepa whakawhiti tohu wai ka taea te tihore, kāore he take ki te rehu tiaki. Heoi, kāore he paparanga tiaki kei runga i te mata o te pepa whakawhiti tohu wai wairewa. Me rehu ki te wanihi i muri i te whakamaroke māori, ā, me rehu ki te wanihi UV kia whakamarokehia ki te mīhini whakamaroke. I te wā e rehu ana i te wanihi, me aro koe ki te ārai i te puehu kei taka ki runga i te mata, ki te kore ka tino pāngia te āhua o te hua. Ka tutuki te whakahaere i te matotoru o te paninga mā te whakarerekē i te matotoru o te wanihi me te nui o te rehu. Ka taea te whakaiti i te ōritetanga ki te nui rawa o te rehu. Mō ngā papa he nui te horahanga whakawhiti, ka taea te whakamahi i te tā mata mō te whakakanapa hei hanga i tētahi paninga matotoru ake, he tikanga tiaki tino whai hua anō hoki.
05 Ngā tūmanakohanga whanaketanga
①Aha e tika ana
Ko te whakamahinga mākete o te tānga whakawhiti wai ko te whakawhiti i te tauira ki te mata o te papa tānga mā roto i tētahi kaikawe motuhake, ā, mā te wai hei reo. Nō reira, he nui ake te tukanga whakaputa me te utu rauemi i te tānga noa, ā, he uaua ake te tukanga whakaputa, engari he maha ake ngā whakamahinga. He momo tikanga tānga. Ehara i te mea nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakatutuki i ngā pānga tānga kāore e taea e ētahi atu tukanga tānga te whakatutuki, engari he mea nui ake, he iti noa ngā whakaritenga mō te āhua o te papa tānga, ahakoa he papatahi, he piko, he taha, he kōpiko rānei, me ētahi atu, ka taea e ia te whakatutuki.
Hei tauira, ko ngā mea e hiahiatia ana i ia rā me ngā rauemi whakapaipai e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whare noa, me ētahi atu, ka taea te takahi i ngā here o ētahi atu tānga motuhake ki te āhua o te papa (rahi, iti, koretake, me ētahi atu). Nō reira, he whānui rawa te whānuitanga o tana whakamahinga. Mai i te tirohanga o ngā rauemi papa, he pai te tānga whakawhiti wai mō ngā rauemi he mata maeneene pērā i te karāhe, te uku, te taputapu, te rakau, te kirihou, te hiako, me te māpere. Kāore e hiahiatia he pēhanga me te whakamahana mō te tānga whakawhiti wai i te wā o te tukanga whakawhiti, nō reira koinei te tukanga pai mō ētahi rauemi tino angiangi e kore e taea te tu atu i te pāmahana me te pēhanga teitei.
②Kāore he mutunga o te mākete. Ahakoa he maha ngā raruraru i roto i te mākete tānga whakawhiti wai, he nui rawa te pūmanawa mākete.
I te whanaketanga tonu o te ōhanga, kua piki haere ngā hiahia o ngā kaihoko mō ngā takai hua, ngā paninga, me ngā taumata. Mō te umanga tā, kua kore te ariā o te tā e rite ki te tā pepa tuku iho i roto i te tirohanga a te tangata.
Mai i ngā mea e hiahiatia ana i ia rā ki ngā taputapu tari, tae atu ki ngā whakapaipai kāinga me te umanga motuka, e hiahiatia ana he maha atu, he pai ake, he whai hua ake hoki ngā takai mata. Ko te nuinga o tēnei momo takai ka whakatinanahia mā te tā whakawhiti. Nō reira, he roa te ara kei mua i te tā whakawhiti wai ā muri ake nei, ā, ka whānui haere te whānuitanga o te tono, ā, kāore he mutunga o ngā tūmanakohanga mākete.
Mō te pōrearea o te mākete, te iti o te tauine, te iti o te ihirangi hangarau, te kounga iti, me ērā atu mea, me kaha tonu te tohe a ngā kaimahi o roto i te umanga ki te eke ki te taumata o te mākete o te ao.
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Wā tuku: Hanuere-05-2022