Ibikoresho byo gupfunyikamo ubwiza ahanini ni pulasitiki, ikirahure n'impapuro. Mu gihe cyo gukoresha, gutunganya no kubika pulasitiki, bitewe n'ibintu bitandukanye byo hanze nko urumuri, ogisijeni, ubushyuhe, imirasire, impumuro, imvura, ibihumyo, bagiteri, nibindi, imiterere ya pulasitiki irangirika, bigatuma imiterere yayo myiza ya mbere itakaza. Iki kintu muri rusange cyitwa gusaza. Ibimenyetso by'ingenzi byo gusaza pulasitiki ni uguhinduka kw'ibara, impinduka mu miterere y'umubiri, impinduka mu miterere y'imashini n'impinduka mu miterere y'amashanyarazi.
1. Amateka y'ubusaza bwa pulasitiki
Mu buzima bwacu, bimwe mu bicuruzwa bihura n'urumuri, kandi urumuri rwa ultraviolet mu zuba, hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, imvura n'ikime, bizatuma ibicuruzwa bihura n'ibintu bisaza nko gutakaza imbaraga, kwangirika, gushibuka, guhindagurika kw'ibara, no gushonga. Izuba n'ubushuhe ni byo bintu by'ingenzi bituma ibikoresho bisaza. Izuba rishobora gutuma ibikoresho byinshi byangirika, ibi bikaba bifitanye isano n'uburyo ibikoresho bifata n'uburyo bikora. Buri gikoresho gihura n'uburyo gikora.
Ibintu bikunze gusaza pulasitiki mu bidukikije bisanzwe ni ubushyuhe n'urumuri rwa ultraviolet, kuko ibidukikije ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bihura nabyo cyane ari ubushyuhe n'izuba (urumuri rwa ultraviolet). Kwiga gusaza kwa pulasitiki biterwa n'ubu bwoko bubiri bw'ibidukikije ni ingenzi cyane ku bidukikije bikoreshwa. Ikizamini cyayo cyo gusaza gishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: kureba hanze no kwihutisha ikizamini cyo gusaza muri laboratwari.
Mbere yuko iki gicuruzwa gikoreshwa ku bwinshi, hagomba gukorwa igerageza ryoroshye ryo gusaza kugira ngo harebwe uburyo kidasaza. Ariko, gusaza karemano bishobora gufata imyaka myinshi cyangwa irenga kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro, ibi bikaba bigaragara ko bitajyanye n'umusaruro nyakuri. Byongeye kandi, imiterere y'ikirere ahantu hatandukanye iratandukanye. Ibikoresho bimwe byo gupima bigomba kugeragezwa ahantu hatandukanye, ibyo bikaba byongera cyane ikiguzi cyo gupima.
2. Ikizamini cyo gupimwa hanze
Guhura n'izuba ryinshi hanze bivuze guhura n'izuba ryinshi n'ibindi birere. Ni bwo buryo bworoshye bwo gusuzuma niba ibikoresho bya pulasitiki birwanya ikirere.
Ibyiza:
Igiciro gito cyane
Ubudasa bwiza
Byoroshye kandi byoroshye gukoresha
Ibibi:
Ubusanzwe uruziga rurerure cyane
Ubudasa bw'ikirere ku isi
Ingero zitandukanye zifite ubushobozi bwo kumva ibintu mu bihe bitandukanye
3. Uburyo bwo gupima gusaza bwihuse muri laboratwari
Ikizamini cyo gusaza urumuri muri laboratwari ntigishobora kugabanya ukwezi gusa, ahubwo gishobora no gusubiramo neza no gukoreshwa mu buryo bugari. Kirangizwa muri laboratwari mu gihe cyose cy’igikorwa, hatitawe ku mbogamizi z’ubutaka, kandi cyoroshye gukoresha kandi gifite ubushobozi bwo kugenzura cyane. Kwigana ibidukikije by’urumuri nyabyo no gukoresha uburyo bwihuse bwo gusaza urumuri bishobora kugera ku ntego yo gusuzuma vuba imikorere y’ibikoresho. Uburyo bw’ingenzi bukoreshwa ni ikizamini cyo gusaza urumuri rwa ultraviolet, ikizamini cyo gusaza urumuri rwa xenon n’ikizamini cyo gusaza urumuri rwa karuboni.
1. Uburyo bwo gupima gusaza bwa Xenon
Ikizamini cyo gusaza itara rya Xenon ni ikizamini gisa n'urumuri rw'izuba rwuzuye. Ikizamini cyo gusaza itara rya Xenon gishobora kwigana ikirere cy'ubukorano karemano mu gihe gito. Ni uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gusuzuma formula no kunoza imiterere y'ibicuruzwa mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi no kubitunganya, kandi ni igice cy'ingenzi mu igenzura ry'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa.
Amakuru y’ibizamini byo gusaza kw’itara rya Xenon ashobora gufasha guhitamo ibikoresho bishya, guhindura ibikoresho bisanzwe, no gusuzuma uburyo impinduka mu mafimu zigira ingaruka ku kuramba kw’ibicuruzwa.
Ihame ry'ibanze: Icyumba cyo gupimiramo amatara ya xenon gikoresha amatara ya xenon kugira ngo cyigane ingaruka z'izuba, kandi gikoresha ubushuhe butose kugira ngo cyigane imvura n'ikime. Ibikoresho byapimwe bishyirwa mu ruziga rw'urumuri n'ubushuhe bisimburana ku bushyuhe runaka kugira ngo bipimwe, kandi bishobora kongera ingaruka mbi zibaho hanze mu mezi cyangwa imyaka mike mu minsi cyangwa ibyumweru bike.
Porogaramu yo kugerageza:
Ishobora gutanga urugero rujyanye n'ibidukikije n'ibizamini byihutishwa by'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa no kugenzura ubuziranenge.
Ishobora gukoreshwa mu guhitamo ibikoresho bishya, kunoza ibikoresho bihari cyangwa gusuzuma kuramba nyuma y'impinduka mu miterere y'ibikoresho.
Ishobora kwigana neza impinduka ziterwa n'ibikoresho bihura n'izuba mu bihe bitandukanye by'ibidukikije.
2. Uburyo bwo gupima gusaza kw'urumuri rwa UV fluorescent
Ikizamini cyo gusaza imirasire ya UV cyigana ahanini ingaruka z'urumuri rwa UV mu zuba ku gicuruzwa. Muri icyo gihe, gishobora no kongera ibyangiritse bitewe n'imvura n'ikime. Ikizamini gikorwa hifashishijwe gushyira ibintu bigomba kugeragezwa mu buryo bugenzurwa bw'izuba n'ubushuhe mu gihe cyo kongera ubushyuhe. Amatara ya fluorescent ya Uraviolet akoreshwa mu kwigana imirasire y'izuba, kandi ingaruka z'ubushuhe zishobora no kwiganwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushonga cyangwa gutera imiti.
Itara rya UV ritanga urumuri ni itara rya mercure rifite umuvuduko muto rifite uburebure bwa 254nm. Bitewe no kongeramo imiterere ya fosifore kugira ngo rihinduke uburebure bw'uburebure, ikwirakwizwa ry'ingufu z'itara rya UV ritanga urumuri riterwa n'imiterere y'ibyuka biva mu kubana kwa fosifore hamwe n'uburyo umuyoboro w'ikirahure ukwirakwira. Amatara ya fluorescent akunze kugabanywamo UVA na UVB. Uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibintu bugena ubwoko bw'itara rya UV rigomba gukoreshwa.
3. Uburyo bwo gupima gusaza kw'itara rya karuboni arc
Itara rya karuboni ni ikoranabuhanga rya kera. Igikoresho cya karuboni cyakoreshejwe bwa mbere n'abahanga mu bya shimi b'Abadage mu gupima ubushyuhe bw'imyenda irangi. Amatara ya karuboni agabanyijemo amatara ya karuboni afunze n'afunguye. Uko ubwoko bw'itara rya karuboni bungana kose, spectrum yaryo itandukanye cyane n'iy'izuba. Bitewe n'amateka maremare y'iri koranabuhanga, ikoranabuhanga rya mbere ryo kwigana umucyo w'ubukorano ryakoresheje ibi bikoresho, bityo ubu buryo buracyagaragara mu bipimo bya kera, cyane cyane mu bipimo bya mbere by'Ubuyapani, aho ikoranabuhanga ry'itara rya karuboni ryakunze gukoreshwa nk'uburyo bwo gupima umucyo w'ubukorano.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-20-2024